module 6: public opinion, activism, voting

notes on teachers lecture pp only (mosty from notes under the slides)

public opinions can be see as… (think tiktok)

demostrations, use of social media, voting in free elections, can be freely expressed by citizens in a democracy

democracy + public opinion=

inseparable

public opinions

the distribution of individual perferance for a given issue or candidate within a specfic population as measured by public opinion surveys

distribution

the proportion of the population that holds a certain opinion, compared to pople who have opposing opinions or no opinion at all

public opinion is most ______ calculated through ______ measurements in _____ or ______.

accurately systematic polls surveys

The sample _____ _______ was __________.

Literary Digest unrepresentative

in a ____, the _____ population can be represneted by using _____ _____.

poll larger random sampling

random sampling is

everyone in the group has an equal chance of being selected

in random sampling a _____ of _____ can be used to qualify the results, and the results can be off by a few points or add a few points

margin error

the ____ of _____, the way they are worded, asked, and ordered can ______ answers

type questions influence

____ _____ has become ______because more and more people vote early or by mail

exit polling reliable

____ _____ are uesd in ____ to project election results as soon as the polls are closed, and to help the ____ undersand what sorts of poeple have supported particular candidates. and also involve surveys by telephone of a sample of voters who have voted early

exit polling media media

public _____ of elected officals, ____ _____, and the _____ of officials on those isssues is relatively poor

awareness, policy issues, stance

abt only ___% of public is called the _____ _____

25, attentive public

attentive public are interested in ____, ___ of the time

politics most

about ___/___ of the American adults are interested in poltics are ____ and ____at all

1/3 often hardly

opinion leaders are those who are ______ about public affairs, and have much greater ______ than ____ active citizens

informed influence less

social movement examples

animal rights, cvil rights, enviroment

social movemtns start at the ____ level and ___ throughout the naton, as these movements mature, they make ____ ______ that pursue ____ ____

grassroot spread interest group public policy

the ___ of _____ protects movments by supporting free speech, free assembly, due process

Bill of Rights

the ____ envisions a ____ of groups competing with each other

Constitution plurality

pluralism

an idea of groups competing with each other

people rely on ____ identification to ____ their voting

party simplify

dramatic increase in ____ since 1970s and 1980d marking a critical threshold in emergence of a candidate centerred era

independents

campagins focus more on _____ elements of a candidates histroy and personality

negative

Prospective Issues Voting is (pro-)

based on what a candidate pledges to do in the future about an issue if elected

Retrospective Issue Voting (Re-)

holding incumbents responsible for past performance on issues

____ of the republic were very worried about groups with common interests called _____… divergent

founders factions

factions

groups with common interests

_____ _____ played a crucial role in drafting and enacting the Constituion and many of its provions are focused at ___ the mischiefs of faction

James Madison limiting

interests groups

organizations outside of the government that attempt to influence the goverment’s behavior, decison making, and allocation of resources

the term _____ ______ are used by politicans and the media in a perjorative way

special interests

what makes an interest group a special one, ones persons special interest is another’s public interest

highly subjective

special interest conveys a ___ or ____ view on that may lack _____

selfish narrow credibility

______ is a more nuetral term

interest groups

a ____ ______ simply sepaks for _____ but not for all

interest group some

_____ interest groups pursue public policies that benefits financailly and poltically adn can be reprensented by more gorusp than any other type

economic

____ are rep. by more groups than any other type

economic

_____ corporations and ____ bsinesses are _____ groups, who can use poltical contritbutions to get _____ public policies

large small favorable

_____ _____ are one of the most key groups reprensenting workers, and they are the_____ unionzed of almost any industrial democracy

labor unions least

union membership is _____ in states whose laws ___ the open shop, in which workers cannot be requierd to join a union as a cond. of a emplyment

optional permit

in states with a ___ shop the workers may be needed to join a unon to be hired at a co. if most workes at that company vote to unionize

closed

free rider problem conditon… like a unio or public tv or radio)

a person beneifts form the work or service of an organ.

Laborers can form ____ to represent their interests in areas such as wages, benefits, and working conditions. Unions began to form during the _____ _______.

unions industrial revolution

the AFL-CIO reps about qtrs. of unionzed workers, the proportion of workers has ___ as the nation has moved form a _____ economy to a _____ economy

3 manufacturing service

unions usually endorse _____ candiates, but unable to stop these presdients from siging free trade agreements

Democratic

unions are associated with ____ collar workers

blue

____ collar workers have professional organizations like the Amer. Bar Association for lawyers and others for docs

white

most progession like these assocations for lawyers and docs are regulated and licensed at the state level, they focus their ___ effots on state govs.

lobbying

prof. like the laywers and med. associations like all economic interest groups are ____ donors to____ campagins

large poltical

some _____ groups concern themselves with ___ ___ ____.

interest U.S. foreign policy

_____ groups can promite or oppose _____ ____

interest foregin policies

_____ is antoher type of interest group that focus on global issues like human righst or enviorment, also wrok to raise public awareness and affect gov policies think Greenpeace, or Amnesty International

NGOs

____ is not the ____ interest of most Amer. , knowledge abt the poltical system is

politics major limited

____ voting is not an accurate reflectin of public opinon. while ___ opinion polls are more sucessful

random public

______ +_______ + _____ = voting choices

party candidate issues

---

are not central to the decision process in voting

issues

most influential lobbying group is, in the form of magzines and insurance benefits, started in the 1960s that claims to rep public interest

AARP

____ _____ is an ex of a public interst group, they publish reports on current issues and seek to make the political process more open and inclusive

common cause

fouded by Raph Nader in the 1970s public interst resarch groups or ____ try to rep comsumer interests in ____ ____

PIRGs public policy

some interests grousp focus on ___ ____ _______like the US aid ot Israel in light of Israel construction of a separtion wall along the west bank

public policy issues

____ media is a rallying tool

social

______ ______ is in many fields of social sciences, can be known as public choice- due to the free rider problem, can benfit group efforts, even those who do not participate in teh wrok of securing the benefit.

collective action

unnions in some places , coerce membership to ___ free rider problem, but many have to contend with it

avoid

_____ and _____ ____ and the internet- interest groups use the media tv radio ect newspaper leaflets ect, to influence voters during elections and motive than to contact their reps between elections

publicty, mass media

_____ _____ can target personalized letters to specfic groups in today’s computerized mailing list tech.

mass mailing

____ contact with ___ organized groups have ready acess to the executive and regulatroy agencies that writeh the rules implementing laws passed by congress

direct gov.

ogv. agencies published proposed regualtions in the _____ _____ adn nivite resposnes form all itnerestedpp; before the rules are finalziedd in the “notice and comments” period

Federal Register

_____ when groups find the poltical channels closed to them, they may turn to the courts

litigation

Amicus curiae breifs or ___ of the ____ breifs filed by an person or organ. to present arguments plus to those presented by the immediate parties to a case

friend court

ppl with interest groups giv to campagins to make it clear to the candiate the interest of the donnor, a party gatehrs contribtions form manny ppl, then gives the checks made out to the canidates campagin in a bundle, a process called

bundling

____ a ___ party not so much to win elections as to publicize a cause, success in such cases may occur when a major party co opts the interest group’s issue

forming political

like minded groups form a ____ group, in 1987 the leadership confernce on civil rgihts and people for the amrecian way borup many hgorups together to defeat the nomination of outspoken federal judge Robert Bork to the US Supreme Court

cooperative

to make interest and broaden support for their cause, movements and groups can use protest demostrations

protest

_____ _____ many interest groups publicy endorse candiates for office either directly by issueing a statement or hosting an event to directly by publishing scorecards of how canditdates respsonded to roll call votes or questionaires

candidate support

the term ______ refers to the lobby or hallway outside the House and Senate chambers in teh US Capitol and to htose who hung around the lobby of old Willard Hotel in DC, when presidents dined there, now its used as a verb, not used unitl teh 19 cent.

lobbying

these people _____ help prepare legislation, testify legisative hearings, and contribute a large share of the costs of campagins

lobbyist

over ____ million non proft ___ in the US, many of which registerd as lobbyists in DC

1 organizations

lobbyist : socialize, provide____ , ___ and demostrations, grass roots mobilizations, _____ building and boycotts

information protest coalition

the typical image of polciy making is of ___ hard nosed and ____ who use a combo of knowledge, persuaviesnss, personal ______ charm and ____ to influence legislators and bureacurats

lobbysit powerful influence money

the terms ____ _____ describes moving form a gov. job to a job with an interest goup(or vice versa) . it refers to a an emplyment cycle which people who work for gov. angencies that regulate interests eventally end up working for interest groups or businessses with the same policy concern

revolving door

networking or ____ relationships among members of these groups can sometimes be allow networks to be so strong adn mutally benefical that they make a ___ government.

personal sub

____ and ____ skills along with specialized knowledge are so crucial in executive and legislative ___ making they they themselves become a form of ____ . elected reps increasingly depend on thier staff for guidance.

political legal power