Independent T test

What is a one-sample t-test?

A statistical test used to compare the sample mean to a known population mean, estimating the standard error.

What is an independent-samples t-test?

A statistical test used to compare the means of two different groups of people.

What is a dependent-samples t-test?

A statistical test used to compare two measures for the same group of people or two matched groups.

What is the null hypothesis (H0)?

A statement that there is no effect or difference, often stating that the population means are equal.

What is the alternative hypothesis (H1)?

A statement that there is an effect or difference, indicating that the population means are not equal.

What does 'df' stand for in hypothesis testing?

Degrees of freedom, which is the number of independent values or quantities that can vary in an analysis.

What is the significance level (alpha)?

The threshold for determining whether to reject the null hypothesis, commonly set at 0.05.

What is a t-statistic?

A ratio that compares the difference between the sample mean and the population mean relative to the variability in the sample.

What is pooled variance?

A weighted average of the variances from two or more samples, used when sample sizes are unequal.

What is standard error?

An estimate of the variability of the sample mean from the population mean.

What does Cohen's d measure?

The effect size, indicating the standardized difference between two means.

What is the purpose of the F-Max test?

To test for homogeneity of variances between two or more groups.

What is the critical value (tcv) in hypothesis testing?

The value that the test statistic must exceed to reject the null hypothesis.

What does it mean to reject the null hypothesis?

It indicates that there is sufficient evidence to support the alternative hypothesis.

What is the 95% confidence interval?

A range of values that is expected to contain the population parameter 95% of the time.

What is the difference between between-subjects and within-subjects designs?

Between-subjects designs compare different groups, while within-subjects designs compare the same group at different times.

What is homogeneity of variance?

The assumption that different samples have the same variance.

What is the role of the standard error in hypothesis testing?

It measures how accurately the sample mean estimates the population mean.

What is the formula for degrees of freedom in a two-sample t-test?

df = (n1 + n2) - 2, where n1 and n2 are the sample sizes.

What is the significance of a p-value?

It indicates the probability of observing the test results under the null hypothesis.

What does it mean if p > 0.05?

It suggests that there is not enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.

What is a two-tailed test?

A hypothesis test that considers both directions of the effect, testing for differences in both directions.

What is the effect of sample size on hypothesis testing?

Larger sample sizes generally provide more reliable estimates and increase the power of the test.

What is the importance of normality in hypothesis testing?

Many statistical tests assume that the data are normally distributed, affecting the validity of the results.

What is the difference between a statistical test and a hypothesis test?

A statistical test is a method used to determine if there is enough evidence to support a hypothesis.

What is the purpose of conducting a t-test?

To determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups.

What are the implications of failing to reject the null hypothesis?

It suggests that there is not enough evidence to conclude a significant effect or difference exists.