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Parameter
numerical characteristic or proportion of population of interest
Statistic
numerical characteristic or proportion of sample
Simple random sample
Every unit or individual in a population has an equal chance of being selected (randomly generated)
Stratified random sample
divide population into sub-population (strata) of similar units and use SRS to select from each stratum
Cluster sampling
population divided into clusters, select a sample of clusters
Sequential or skip sampling
sample every x observation
voluntary response sampling
sample consists of those who volunteer to participate
convenience sampling
selects individuals who are readily available
voluntary response bias
sample is only of people who self select to participate
non-response bias
people who decline to respond may be different than those who do respond
response bias
sometimes incentive to lie; maintain self image, avoid confrontation, framing of question
sampling frame
complete and accurate list of all individuals in the target population