Apologia Advanced Biology Module 14- The Respiratory System

Ventilation

The process of getting air into the lungs and back out

External respiration

The process of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the alveoli and the blood

Internal respiration

The process of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the cells and the blood

Pneumothorax

Air in the pleural cavity which leads to a collapsed lung

Surfactant

a substance that tends to reduce the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved - the molecules have a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic end

Compliance

The ease with which the lungs inflate

Aspirate

To take in by means of suction

Tidal

The volume of air inspired or expired during normal, quiet breathing

Functional residual capacity

The volume of air left in the lungs after a normal expiration

Total lung capacity

The maximum volume of air contained in the lungs after a forceful inspiration

Residual

The volume of air left in the lungs after a forceful expiration

Alveoli

Tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

Alveolar duct

smallest of air distribution tubes in the lungs

Uvula

soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate which aids in closing off the nasal cavity during deglutition

Nasal cavity

The hollow space behind nose - provides for olfaction - conditions the air coming into the body (warms, moistens & cleans)

Larynx

Structure in the throat that contains the vocal cords

Trachea

Air passageway; has cartilage rings to help keep the air passage open as air rushes in; branches into right/left bronchus

Primary bronchi

The first branches of the trachea. There are two primary bronchi, one for each lung.

Vocal folds

true vocal cords - produce sound - form a tight seal across the airway every time you swallow

Vestibular folds

false vocal cords that help close the larynx

Diaphragm

Muscles of principal inspiration are the _______ and the external intercostals.

Sternocleidomastoid

Muscles of forced inspiration are the _______, pectoralis minor and scalene muscles.

Abdominals

Muscles of forced expiration are the _______ and the internal intercostals/

elastic nature of the lung tissue

Two factors that aid in the collapse of the lungs during expiration 1. _______ - 2. surface tension of alveolar fluid

Negative pressure in pleural cavity

Two factors that prevent total lung collapse and aid inspiration 1. _______ - 2. surfactant in alveolar fluid

Empheysema

disease which results from a lack of elasticity of the lung

Collapsed lung

caused by a loss of negative pressure in the pleural cavity

Respiratory distress syndrome

Associated with a lack of surfactant in the alveolar fluid

Thin respiratory membrane

Six factors that increase the efficiency of external respiration are - 1. _______ - 2. large surface area of the alveoli - 3. narrow capillaries - 4. large surface area of erythrocytes - 5. controlled relationship between ventilation and blood flow through the lungs - 6. large functional residual capacity of the lungs

Pneumonia

general term that refers to an infection of the lungs which causes a fluid build-up in the alveoli which reduces the efficiency of external respiration

Hering-Breuer reflex

A protective mechanism that terminates inhalation, thus preventing over-expansion of the lungs.

Glycolysis (Stage)

Four stages of aerobic respiration - _______, oxidation of pyruvate, citric acid cycle, electron transport

Glycolysis

1st stage of Aerobic respiration - 1 molecule of glucose broken in half, producing 2 molecules pyruvic acid - happens in the cytoplasm - nets 2 ATP

Oxydation of pyruvate

2nd stage of Aerobic respiration - formation of acetyl coenzyme A - happens as soon as it enters the matrix of the mitochondria - produces 2 carbon dioxides

Citric acid cycle

3rd stage of aerobic respiration - Krebs cycle - happens in the matrix of the mitochondria - produces 2 ATP and 4 carbon dioxides

Electron transport

4th stage of aerobic respiration - happens in the inner membrane of the mitochondria - produces 32 ATP and 6 water molecules

ATP

36 _______'s produced for every glucose molecule

Upper

The _____ respiratory tract consists of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and pharynx.

Lower

The _____ respiratory tract consists of the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.

External

_____ respiration is the process of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the alveoli and the blood.

Internal

_____ respiration is the process of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the cells and the blood.

functional

The _____ residual capacity is the volume of air left in the lungs after a normal expiration.

total

The _____ lung capacity is the maximum volume of air contained in the lungs after a forceful inspiration.

Krebs cycle

3rd stage of aerobic respiration also called the Citric Acid Cycle

Surfactant in alveolar fluid

Two factors that prevent total lung collapse and aid inspiration 1. negative pressure in pleural cavity- 2. _______

Oxidation of Pyruvate (Stage)

Four stages of aerobic respiration - glycolysis, _______, citric acid cycle, electron transport

Citric Acid Cycle (Stage)

Four stages of aerobic respiration - glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, _______, electron transport

Electron transport (Stage)

Four stages of aerobic respiration - glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, citric acid cycle, _______.

Surface tension of alveolar fluid

Two factors that aid in the collapse of the lungs during expiration 1. negative pressure in pleural cavity- 2. _______

Large surface area of the alveoli

Six factors that increase the efficiency of external respiration are - 1. thin respiratory membrane - 2. _______ - 3. narrow capillaries - 4. large surface area of erythrocytes - 5. controlled relationship between ventilation and blood flow through the lungs - 6. large functional residual capacity of the lungs

Narrow capillaries

Six factors that increase the efficiency of external respiration are - 1. thin respiratory membrane - 2. large surface area of the alveoli - 3. _______ - 4. large surface area of erythrocytes - 5. controlled relationship between ventilation and blood flow through the lungs - 6. large functional residual capacity of the lungs

Large surface area of erythrocytes

Six factors that increase the efficiency of external respiration are - 1. thin respiratory membrane - 2. large surface area of the alveoli - 3. narrow capillaries - 4. _______- 5. controlled relationship between ventilation and blood flow through the lungs - 6. large functional residual capacity of the lungs

Controlled relationship between ventilation and blood flow through the lungs

Six factors that increase the efficiency of external respiration are - 1. thin respiratory membrane - 2. large surface area of the alveoli - 3. narrow capillaries - 4. large surface area of erythrocytes - 5. _______ - 6. large functional residual capacity of the lungs

Large functional residual capacity of the lungs

Six factors that increase the efficiency of external respiration are - 1. thin respiratory membrane - 2. large surface area of the alveoli - 3. narrow capillaries - 4. large surface area of erythrocytes - 5. controlled relationship between ventilation and blood flow through the lungs - 6. _______.

32

4th stage of aerobic respiration - electron Transport - that takes place in the mitochondria - produces _______ ATP's and 6 water molecules

Medulla oblongata

The part of the brain that controls respiration/ventilation

Ventral

The _______ respiratory group (in the medulla) controls the basic rhythm of breathing.

Dorsal

The _______ respiratory group (in the medulla) controls the diaphragm.

Carbon dioxide

The pH level of this gas in the blood is a major controller of rate of ventilation. This occurs in the medulla - increased levels of carbon dioxide lowers the pH of the blood which triggers increased ventilation.

Oxygen

The chemoreceptors in the carotid arteries and aortic arches monitor the levels of this gas in the blood. Levels below 80 mmHg cause the medulla to stimulate ventilation

Boyle's Law

A principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature. Decreased pressure inside the lungs due to an increase in the volume of the chest cavity (diaphragm contracting) causes air to rush into the lungs.

Cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen