Biology - Bell Ringer

Bell Ringer Stations: Station 1 - Mitosis Models (2 Inquiry) Station 2 - Plant or Animal Cell Model (3 Inquiry) Station 3 - Light Microscope Parts (2 Inquiry) Station 4 - Model of a Human Organ (3 Inquiry)

What stage is this?

Prophase

What happens in prophase

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* Chromatin condenses into paired chromosomes (sister chromatids)
* Spindle fibres form 
* Centrioles move to each pole
* Nuclear membrane dissolves and nucleolus disappears

What stage is this

Metaphase

What happens in metaphase

Centromere attaches to spindle fibres and line up the chromosomes (sister chromatids) at the metaphase plate.

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**M**etaphase = **M**iddle

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what stage is this

Anaphase

What happens in anaphase

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* Spindle fibres shorten and pull sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell
* Centromere splits
* Sister chromatids are separated into two identical chromosomes

What stage is this

Telephase

What happens in telephase

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* Spindle fibres disappear
* Chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell
* Nuclear membranes reappears around DNA
* Chromosomes relax/untangle back into chromatin

what stage is this

**Cytokinesis**

what happens in Cytokinesis

* Cytokinesis occurs **after** mitosis is completed
* Cell membrane pinches inwards
* Cytoplasm splits in half
* The cell splits into two genetically identical daughter cells
* Daughter cells return to interphase

what is this? what is its function?

Cell Membrane (Plants and Animals)

Separates and protects the cell from its surroundings; Regulates what enters/exits the cell (selectively permeable).

What is this? What is its function?

Cell Wall (Plants)

Surrounds cell membrane; Strong and rigid; Provides support to cell

What is this? What is its function?

Cytoplasm / Cytosol (Plants and Animals)

Gelatinous (jelly-like) substance; Carries out chemical reactions; Supports organelles.

What is this? What is its function?

Nucleus (Plants and Animals)

Controls the cell’s activities; Contains DNA; Surrounded by nuclear membrane/envelope with nuclear pores.

What is this? What is its function?

Nucleolus (Plants and Animals)

Produces ribosomes.

What is this? What is its function?

Nucleoplasm (Plants and Animals)

Gelatinous (jelly-like substance; Contains DNA (chromatin).

What is this? What is its function?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Plants and Animals)

Processes and transports proteins; Studded with ribosomes; Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis.

What is this? What is its function?

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Plants and Animals)

Makes lipids and steroids; Carbohydrate metabolism; Breaks down drugs and toxins (detoxification) in the liver; Storage & release of calcium (for muscle movement).

What is this? What is its function?

Ribosomes (Plants and Animals)

Builds proteins; Found on rough endoplasmic reticulum or free-floating in cytosol

What is this? What is its function?

Golgi Body/Apparatus (Plants and Animals)

Modifies, stores and transports proteins from the RER and substances like fats from the SER.

What is this? What is its function?

Vacuoles (Plants and Animals)

Storage of macromolecules, stores harmful substances; Animal cells have lots of small vacuoles and plant cells have one large vacuole; keeps plants firm by pressing against cell wall.

What is this? What is its function?

Vesicles (Plants and Animals)

for transport of substances.

What is this? What is its function?

Lysosomes (Animals and Rarely Plants)

Contains digestive enzymes:

* Digestion (e.g., unicellular organisms)
* Fighting disease (in white blood cells)
* Recycling cell components
* Cell suicide

What is this? What is its function?

Mitochondria (Plants and Animals)

Site of cellular respiration; Breaks down glucose to produce ATP (energy); known as the “powerhouse of the cell”.

What is this? What is its function?

Chloroplasts (Plants)

Site of photosynthesis; Uses solar energy and carbon dioxide to produce glucose.

What is this? What is its function?

Cytoskeleton (Animals and Plants)

Network of fibers; Provides support and structure; Allows movement in cell.

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What is the part of the microscope? What is its function?

Stage 

Supports the microscope slide

What is the part of the microscope? What is its function?

Arm

Provides support for the head (upper region)

What is the part of the microscope? What is its function?

Base

Supports/stabilizes the microscope

What is the part of the microscope? What is its function?

Clips

Hold the slide in place on the stage  

What is the part of the microscope? What is its function?

Diaphragm

Controls how much light reaches the object on the stage/enters stage opening

What is the part of the microscope? What is its function?

Objective Lens

Lenses that magnifies the specimen

What is the part of the microscope? What is its function?

Revolving Nosepiece

Rotates to allow the objective lenses to change (allows user to switch between different lenses)

holds objective in place

What is the part of the microscope? What is its function?

Body Tube

Directs light toward the eye piece

What is the part of the microscope? What is its function?

Eyepiece/Ocular Lens

Magnifies the object by 10x

Magnifies/focuses the image into the eye

What is the part of the microscope? What is its function?

Coarse-Adjustment Knob

Focuses light on the slide

What is the part of the microscope? What is its function?

Fine-Adjustment Knob

Gets the object in sharp focus (fine detail)

What is the part of the microscope? What is its function?

Light Source (Lamp)

Projects a beam of light toward the specimen

what organ is it? what does it do? what system is it a part of?

The Heart

Cardiac muscle tissue causes the heart to contract as one unit. Simple squamous epithelial tissue lines the inside and outside of the heart to protect it from friction. Intercalated discs - in heart tissue (allow for simultaneous contraction of heart muscle)

what organ is it? what does it do? what system is it a part of?

Blood Vessels

Arteries: Carry blood away from heart.

Veins: Carry blood toward heart.

Capillaries: Allows oxygen and nutrients to enter cells; Surround each body cell.

what organ is it? what does it do? what system is it a part of?

Blood

**Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes):** Transports oxygen to cells.

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**White Blood Cells (Leukocytes):** Recognize and destroy foreign microbes.

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**Platelets**: Cell fragments involved with blood clotting.

\n **Plasma**: Protein-rich liquid that carries blood cells

what organ is it? what does it do? what system is it a part of?

Trachea

* Air from mouth and nose pass through trachea
* Cartilaginous rings keep it open
* Lined with ciliated epithelium (cilia ‘beat’ to move mucus and foreign debris away from lungs)

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what organ is it? what does it do? what system is it a part of?

Lungs

* Non-muscular organ filled with alveoli

what organ is it? what does it do? what system is it a part of?

Alveoli

* **Alveoli** are small air sacs surrounded by capillaries
* Where gas exchange occurs in the lungs
* Lined with simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange

what organ is it? what does it do? what system is it a part of?

Bronchi

* The **bronchi** are the two large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs

what organ is it? what does it do? what system is it a part of?

Diaphragm

* Dome-shaped muscle
* Attached to bottom lungs
* Contracts & relaxes to allow chest cavity to expand and contract

what organ is it? what does it do? what system is it a part of?

Mouth

* Teeth physically break down food
* Saliva (produced by epithelial tissue) helps to chemically breakdown food
* Digestive enzymes help to chemically break down

what organ is it? what does it do? what system is it a part of?

Esophagus

* Smooth muscle contracts and relaxes to push food to stomach (peristalsis).

what organ is it? what does it do? what system is it a part of?

Stomach

* Stores food
* Smooth muscle contracts to mix food with digestive juices
* Digestive Juices = hydrochloric acid, mucus, and enzymes

what organ is it? what does it do? what system is it a part of?

Liver

* Removes toxins from the body
* Helps to maintain healthy blood sugar levels
* Produces **bile** (a substance responsible for digesting fats)
* Bile is stored in the gallbladder
* Stores vitamins and minerals

what organ is it? what does it do? what system is it a part of?

Small Intestines

* Digestion and then absorption of nutrients through **villi** and **microvilli** - absorbed into capillaries for cellular respiration
* 6-7 metres (\~20 feet) in length
* **Villi** (hair-like projections) contain blood vessels and help absorb nutrients
* Simple columnar epithelium lines most of the digestive system (ABSORPTION!)

what organ is it? what does it do? what system is it a part of?

Large Intestines

* Water reabsorbed into body
* Solid matter excreted as feces from anus