AP euro ch 27 terms quiz

Conservative authoritarianism

traditional form of government where a leader didn't have a super strict grip on the people's lives, and only eliminated political opponents

Totalitarianism

new kind of radical dictatorship/authoritarianism which emerged in the 20th century that included total control over the beliefs and behavior of citizens as well as most aspects of society by a single person.

Classic liberals

liberals that wanted to limit the power of the state and protect the right of the individual.

Stalinism

system in Russia under Stalin in which the state aggressively intervened in all walks of life to pursue social leveling.

Fascism

a movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalism; anti-socialism; a dynamic and violent leader; and glorification of war and the military. Desire for a strictly NATIONAL community. People bound together by nationalism, but class differences still exist, unlike in communism.

Eugenics

pseudoscience that maintained that the selective breeding of human beings could improve the general characteristics of a national population; inspired Nazi ideas of "racial purity", etc.

"Racial Hygiene"

term for the Nazi belief system which encouraged Nazi authorities to eliminate those of "lesser value": Jews, Sinti, and Roma (often called Gyspies).

"Gray zone"

term Holocaust survivor Primo Levi used to describe the zone of morals which discussed issues such as whether terror or material rewards were more important for popular support, or under what circumstances people resisted or perpetrated totalitarian tyranny.

Rebellion at Kronstadt

rebellion against Lenin by previously pro-Bolshevik sailors on the island of Kronstadt; it was repressed by Lenin.

New Economic Policy

In March 1921, Lenin replaced war communism with the NEP, which re-established limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration.

Joseph Dzhugashvili

Stalin's original name

Leon Trotsky

one of the two contenders to lead the Communist Party after Lenin's death. Stalin was the other, and he won; while Stalin pursued a theory of "socialism in one country", meaning that the USSR could develop socialism on its own, Trotsky still pursued "permanent revolution", meaning that he thought a revolution still needed to sweep through all of Europe. Stalin's policy was more popular.

"Deviation from the general party line"

term that McKay uses to describe how Stalin did not let anyone deviate from the Communist party.

"Revolution from above"

Stalin & friends radically changing the lives of the whole of the USSR.

Soviet republics

In 1922, because Lenin argued that certain ethnic groups should have the right to self-determination, the USSR was organized as a federation of four Soviet republics: the Russian Soviety Federative Socialist Republic, Ukraine, Belorussia, and a Transcaucasian republic; the last one was later split into several different states.

Five-year plans

The five-year plans, the first of which was launched in 1928 by Stalin, aimed at modernizing the USSR and creating a new Communist society with new attitudes, loyalties, and a new socialist humanity. They vastly increased industrial output as well as agricultural production. Also called a "second revolution".

Collectivization of agriculture

the forced consolidation of individual peasant farms into large, state-controlled enterprises under Stalin.

Kulaks

the wealthier class of peasants that had benefited the most from the NEP. Many repressive measures instituted by the state focused on the kulaks because they were portrayed as the great enemy of progress; Stalin called for the "liquidation" of their property.

Famine in Ukraine

After WWI, many Ukrainians sought an independent Ukrainian state. Stalin viewed this as unacceptable and refused to give them food during 1932 and 33, killing 3-3.5 million people.

State Planning Comission ("Gosplan")

Commission created to set production goals and control deliveries of raw and finished materials, a very difficult task.

Magnitogorsk

means "Magnetic Mountain City" in Russian. Industrial city built in the Ural Mountains with deplorable conditions.

"Engineers of human minds"

In the 1930s, intellectuals were ordered by Stalin to become these; they would rewrite Russian history with a very Communist twist and follow "Socialist Realism", exalting the lives of ordinary workers and glorifying Russian nationalism.

"Museums of Atheism"

term that the government used to describe what they turned churches into. They also persecuted people that practiced religion.

Sergei Kirov

top Soviet official that was mysteriously killed, probably by Stalin. Stalin then blamed his death on "fascist agents" within the Communist party, and used this excuse to launch a reign of terror that purged the Communist party of any that opposed him.

"Great purge"

series of spectacular public show trials using false evidence to incriminate party administrators and Red Army leaders, killing many "Old Bolsheviks" between 1936-38 as well as just completely random, normal people.

Fascist/Facism

People who wanted to create a totalitarian state on the basis of nationalism and militarism. Comes from the Italian word "a union of forces''

The Italian Socialist Party

The radical socialist party in Italy that revolted after WW1 by taking land and factories (Following the example of the Bolsheviks)

Benito Mussolini

Fascist leader of Italy that took over after WW1 in Italy

Black Shirts

Mussolini's militia that forced the socialists out of the government by destroying newspapers, unions, and headquarters

Victor Emmanuel III

Leader of Italy during the Fascist takeover, willingly stepped down in October of 1922 because he didn't like the liberal regime

Return to Order

Mussolini's original promise which gained support among the elites because it was modernizing, but Mussolini lied cuz he wanted votes to create a one party government which worked

Giacomo Matterotti

The leading socialist politician in Italy that was murdered by the Fascists

"Everything in state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state"

Mussolini's slogan describing his Fascist political goals for the country

Lateran Agreement of 1929

An agreement that allowed the Vatican to be an independent state and gave the church financial support from Mussolini which the pope gave him public support.

"Cult of the Duce"

Meaning leader in Italian, term used in Italian propaganda for Mussolini.

Invasion on Ethiopia in October of 1935

A militaristic driven invasion that boasted Italian moral and also made it an "empire"

National Socialism (Nazism)

The totalitarian regime in Germany that focused on emancipation based on race and was more interventionist than Facism.

Adolf Hitler

Leader of Germany during WW2. Was extremely militaristic and nationalistic. Believed in Social Darwinism

German Workers' Party

Group in Munich that Hilter join in 1919 that wanted to not only get rid of the Jews and Marxists but also get rid of capitalism to create a "people's community"

"People's Community"

Term used by the Germany Workers' Party used to describe the goal of a non capitalistic society.

Beer Hall Putsch

Hilter declaring an organized uprising in 1923 cuz he was goofy. It didn't work

Mein Kampf

Hitler's book that laid his ideas of "radical purification" and territorial expansion. He said that Germans were a "master race" and needed to defend their "pure blood" from "racial degenerates"

Lebensraum

German term for "living space", what Hitler used to justify his territorial expansion and purging of the Jews

Fuhrer

A leader (In Germany) that contained unlimited power and would lead the German nation to victory.

"National Rebirth"

Term Hitler used to appeal to the voters and gain full control of Germany

Chancellor Heinrich Bruning

Chancellor of Germany that tried to overcome the Great Depression by cutting down government spending, however his policies just made it worse and people wanted Hitler more cuz this guy sucked

Enabling Act (March 23, 1933)

An act that pushed through the German parliament (Reichstag) and allowed Hitler to claim full power of Germany for 4 years.

German Labor Front

Was controlled by the Nazis and replaced strikes and labor unions after they banned them

The Nazi Storm Troopers (AKA the SA)

The quasi-military band of 3 million people who fought Communists and Jews before the Nazis came to power. Kinda like Star Wars except these guys could aim

The SS

Hitler's personal guard that killed SA leaders and other political enemies

Heinrich Himmler

Leader of the SS who caused it to take over the police and concentration camps

"Coordination"

A German policy that forced existing institutions to conform to Nazi ideology

"Hereditarily Ill"

People who had chronic mental or physical diseases, or people who were suffering from "congenital feeblemindedness"

"Asocials"

Other part of the "radical hygiene" group. They were people who did low level work such as prostitution or begging

Professional Civil Service Restoration Act

An act that banned Jews from working in government jobs

Nuremberg Laws of 1935

A law that classified Jewish people as anyone of 3 or more Jewish grandparents, marriage with Jews, or sexual activity with Jews. It also revoked the citizenship of Jewish people.

Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass Pogrom)

An organized Nazi attack that looted over 7,000 Jewish owned shops, synagogues, and killed dozens of Jewish people. Then they made them pay for the damage

Aryanization

Process in which the Nazis commited racial acts to "purify" Europe into a "Master Race"

Volksgemeinschaft

The German economic recovery intended to make a "people's community for the people of Germany.

Volkswagen

The "People's car", intended to advertise consumer goods and link it with the "people's community

Appeasement

British Policy that wanted to grant Hitler's territorial demands to avoid war

Invasion of the Rhineland (March 1936)

A violation of the treaties of Versailles and Locarno, Britain and France did nothing cuz they dumb

Rome-Berlin Axis

AKA Axis Powers, unity of Italy and Germany in 1936 that was joined by Japan in the same year

Spanish Civil War

A war which Hitler aided Fascist leader Francisco Franco of Spain and also tested his new military tech

Anschluss

German term of annexation and also the territory the took over in the invasion of Austria

Neville Chamberlain

The bozo leader of Britain that gave them territory at the Munich Conference and thought he got peace

Munich Conference (1938)

A conference in which Chamberlin allowed Hitler to take over the Sunderland in exchange for no war, but the Hitler just continued to expand el bozo

Non Aggression Pact

A Pact signed by Hitler and Stalin that had them agree to not attack each other but then Hilter did.

Blitzkrieg

AKA lighting war, Hitler's tactic for military takeover that basically was just sending in your army quickly and relying on military strength

Winston Churchill

British leader who refused to give up in the Battle of Britain and ended up stopping Hitler's advance which was a big W

New Order

Hitlers program based on racial imperialism which gave better treatment to "Nordic" people, in the middle was the French and "inferior" Latin people, and at the bottom was the Jews or "subhumans"

Marshal Henri-Philippe Petain

An aging general of WW1 that formed the Vichy

Vichy

A regime in France that adopted many of the Nazi ideologies and gave up Jews to the Nazis. Was formed after the Nazi takeover of France

Polish Home Army

Underground members lead by governments in exile that passed info of German activity to the Allies and committed sabotage

Lidice (Czechoslovakia) and Oradour (France)

Place in which Germany commited mass murder and destruction on the basis of the Polish Home Army

Holocaust

The effect by the Nazi state to exterminate all Jews and people they saw as racial inferior

Euthansia (Mercy Killing)

A step toward genocide in which Nazis murdered mentally and physically disabled people who were in special hospitals and camps

Ghettos

Enclosed cities or towns used to contain Jews and other races the Nazis were racially against

Warsaw and Lodz

Two very important ghettos that contained thousands of people

Einsatzgruppen (Special Task Forces)

A group of three military death squads that followed the German advance into Soviet Russia that moved through towns killing Jews and other races

"The final solution of the Jewish question"

The German plan that involved moving the Jewish people to concentration camps in which they would be killed by masses

Auschwitz-Birkenau

A Nazi kill center in which over 1 million people were killed

Treblinka

Another Nazi kill center that provided news that caused revolt in the Warsaw Ghetto

Desk Murderers

People who worked in the killing machines

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japan's goal of WW2 to "free Asia from Western influence" by taking over Asia territories. Used the slogan "Asia for Asians" as propaganda

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Do I really need to define this? You better know this

Grand Alliance

Alliance between the US, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union. It was reluctant but necessary. They wanted an unconditional surrender from Germany and Japan

"Europe First"

The Grand Alliance agreement to go after Hitler first then mount an all out attack on Japan

The Great Patriotic War of the Fatherland

Soviet term for WW2, shows the nationalistic ideas of this war in Russia

Second Battle of El Alamein

A battle in which Britain defeated Germany and Italy and stopped their invasion into North Africa. Called the "Hinge of Fate'' by Churchill since it "opened the door to an Allied victory"

Battle of Stalingrad

A battle in November of 1942 in which the Soviets completely destroyed the German Sixth Army of 300,000 men

Albert Speer

Controlled the German war industry and forced prisoners of war and slaves to work, which tripled the production from 1942-1944 despite getting wrecked

General Dwight Eisenhower

Lead the attack on Normandy, France on June 6, 1944 (AKA D-Day)

Warsaw Uprising

An event where the Polish Home Army saw Germany was getting weak and revolted. However, it was not good because the Russians refused to enter the city due to military pressure, allowing for the Home Army to be defeated and for Russia to set up a communist society in Poland after the war

Elbe River

The place where American and Russian forces meet

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The places where the US dropped atomic bombs on August 6 and 9 of 1945, ending the war

Fascist Youth on Parade

An image that shows the Balilla Fascist Young Organization raising their rifles to salute at a rally in Italy

Mothers in the Fatherland

A poster portraying a white mother and her child designed to encourage white woman to stay home and raise their "Aryan" children

Bronze Cross of Honor

An award given to mothers who have four "Aryan" children. The medal comes with a letter of appreciation signed by Hitler

Joseph Goebbels

A propaganda minister in Germany know for his party rally speech that summed up his view on German welfare