CH 14 DNA Replication Microbiology

Nucleotide is made up of what three things

phosphate, sugar, base

chromosome creates

genes

all genes are

genome

all proteins are

proteome

transcription and translation are

gene expression

every corner of a sugar has a

carbon

how is a carbon/sugar numbered

clockwise

base bonded goes to

carbon 1

phosphate bonded goes to

carbon 5

nucleotides bind to

carbon 3

when 5 prime starts _ ends

3 prime

AT stands for

Adenine and Thymine

how many hydrogen bonds does AT have

2

CG stands for what

cytosine and gymine

how may hydrogen bonds does CT have

3

parent DNA is split to make identical daughter daughter stands ; one strand comes from parent (templet) and one is complementary strand

Semiconservative Replication

what is deoxynucleoside triphosphate composed off

sugar, base, 1 phosphate

if 2 phosphates break off and join nucleotide it creates energy bonded at

3 prime

9makes complimentary strands; requires template (cant be bare)needs single strand molecule (RNA) = primer

5 to 3 prime direction

primase secreates primer

DNA polymerse III

proofreads erros (mismatched bases)

DNA polymerse II

What is DNA used for in CentraDogma

To make poypeptides

DNA makes RNA

Binds to promoter to start transcription

5” to 3”

stops at terminator

doesnt have thymeine; replaces it with ureine

Transcription

only in Eukaryotes

exon are kept ; introns are removed

snRNPs remove the introns (acts as ribozymes)

capping happens at 5” (Guanosine)

Polyadenylation happens at 3” (Poly-A tail)

RNA processing

snRNP stands for

small nuclear RNA proteins

mRNA codons (61) > Amino Acids (20)

start at AUG

stop at UAA; UAG; UGA

tRNA - anticodon (carries amino acid to anticodon) - anticodon should match with codon

degenerate : more than 1 codon can code with one amino acids

translation

only found in prokaryote

set of genes that can control other genes

control the production of protein ultimate goal = conserve energy

operon

regulatory gene produces __ that binds to __

repressor ; operator

RNA polymerse binds to ___ and slides down DNA but is stopped when ___ is active. Gene on other side stop

promoter ; represser

low glucose > ___ > cAMP binds to cap > cap activated > ___ > RNA polynerse binds to promoter

cAMP ; cap cap binds to promoter

change in DNA (neutral; beneficial; harmful)

mutation

UV radiation

thymine dimers

biotechnology

using microbes to make things you want

DNA fragment + vector =

rDNA

rDNA

two different sources

vector

plasmid from bacteria

marker

sites that produce things

restriction enzymes

destroy bacteriophage

sticky ends allow you to create

rDNA

polymerse chain reaction

copies of short segments of DNA

we can only get __ when the gene is left intact

b-galactosidase

pectin

firms produce

crown gal

tumor when agrobacterium pass bacteria to plant

transformation

uptake of naked DNA ; environment = donor

conjugation

cell-to-cell contact ; bacteria donor

transformation and conjugation dont involve __

viruses

transduction

virus mediated ; bacteriophage = donor

removes RNA primers

digest linkages between nucleotides in 5’ to 3’ direction

adds DNA where the primers were

DNA polymerse I

synthesizes short segments of RNA

required for work on bare DNA templates

Produces pieces that initiate DNA replication

primerse

separates DNA strands

binds to the origin of replication

works ahead of topoisomerase

helicase

relaxes or unwinds DNA strands

removes knots in DNA

works immediately

topoisomerase

links adjacent okazaki fragments

works at the end of replication

aids in formation of lagging strand

ligase