Final Exam Study Guide for Social Studies 8

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69 Terms

1

Cultural Region

A geographic area defined by shared cultural traits.

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2

Culture

The beliefs, customs, arts, and institutions of a particular group of people.

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3

Resolution

A formal expression of opinion or intention made by an official body.

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4

Loyalist

A colonist who remained loyal to the British crown during the American Revolution.

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5

Patriot

A colonist who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution.

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6

Petition

A formal written request, typically one signed by many people, appealing to authority concerning a particular cause.

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7

Mercenary

A professional soldier hired to serve in a foreign army.

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8

Inflation

The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services rises, eroding purchasing power.

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9

Blockade

An act of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving.

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10

Siege

A military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building.

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11

Ratify

To sign or give formal consent to a treaty, contract, or agreement, making it officially valid.

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12

Ambush

A surprise attack by people lying in wait in a concealed position.

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13

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States, adopted in 1781, which established a weak federal government.

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14

Constitution

The supreme law of the United States, drafted in 1787, which outlines the framework of the national government.

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15

Constitutional Convention

The gathering in 1787 where delegates drafted the Constitution of the United States.

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16

Electoral College

The body of electors established by the Constitution, responsible for electing the President and Vice President.

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17

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority.

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18

The Federalist Papers

A series of essays written to promote the ratification of the Constitution and explain its provisions.

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19

Great Compromise

An agreement during the Constitutional Convention that created a bicameral legislature, balancing the interests of large and small states.

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20

Northwest Ordinance

A law passed in 1787 that established a method for admitting new states to the Union from the Northwest Territory.

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21

Northwest Territory

The region of land northwest of the Ohio River, which was organized by the Northwest Ordinance.

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22

Ratify

To formally approve or confirm a law or amendment.

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23

Republic

A form of government in which the country is considered a 'public matter' and is not the private concern of the rulers.

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24

Three-Fifths Compromise

An agreement that determined that three-fifths of the enslaved population would be counted for representation and taxation purposes.

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25

Checks and Balances

A system that ensures that no one branch of government becomes too powerful by providing each branch with some measure of influence over the other branches.

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26

Executive Branch

The branch of government responsible for enforcing laws, headed by the President.

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27

Federalism

A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units.

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28

Interest Group

An organization of people who share common objectives and actively seek to influence public policy.

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29

Interstate Commerce

Trade and other commercial interactions that cross state lines, which Congress has the power to regulate.

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30

Judicial Branch

The branch of government responsible for interpreting laws and administering justice.

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31

Judicial Review

The power of the courts to declare laws and actions of the executive and legislative branches unconstitutional.

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32

Legislative Branch

The branch of government responsible for making laws, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

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33

Majority Rule

A principle that the greater number should exercise greater power in decision-making.

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34

Popular Sovereignty

The principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people.

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35

Separation of Powers

The division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another.

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36

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guarantee individual rights and freedoms.

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37

Double Jeopardy

A legal doctrine that prevents an individual from being tried twice for the same offense.

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38

Due Process

A legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights owed to a person, ensuring fair treatment.

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39

Self-Incrimination

The act of exposing oneself to prosecution by being forced to respond to questions whose answers could incriminate oneself.

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40

Warrant

A legal document authorizing a police officer or other official to make an arrest, search premises, or carry out other actions.

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41

Environment

The natural world, including land, water, and climate, that affects living organisms.

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42

Migrate

To move from one region or habitat to another.

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43

Natural Resource

Materials or substances occurring in nature that can be used for economic gain.

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44

Colony

A territory under the control of a country, often settled by people from that country.

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45

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World.

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46

Conquistadores

Spanish explorers and conquerors of the Americas.

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47

Missionaries

Individuals sent to promote their religion in a foreign country.

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48

Slavery

The practice of owning individuals as property and forcing them to work.

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49

Cash Crop

A crop produced for commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

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50

Charter

A written grant by a country's legislative or sovereign power, outlining the rights and privileges of a corporation or group.

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51

Democratic

Relating to a system of government in which power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through freely elected representatives.

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52

Mayflower Compact

An agreement made by the Pilgrims on the Mayflower to establish a government and abide by its rules.

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53

Mercantilism

An economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances.

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54

Slave Trade

The historical trade of enslaved people, particularly from Africa to the Americas.

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55

Middle Colonies

The group of colonies that included New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

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56

New England

The northeastern region of the United States, including states like Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.

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57

Subsistence Farming

Farming that provides enough food for the farmer and their family but not enough for sale.

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58

Triangular Trade

A historical trade route that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

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59

Slave Code

Laws that defined the status of enslaved people and the rights of masters.

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60

Representative Government

A system of government in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

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61

Immigration

The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.

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62

Apprentice

A person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer.

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63

Militia

A military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency.

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64

Iroquois Confederacy

A historically powerful northeast Native American confederation of tribes.

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65

Writ of Assistance

A written order issued by a court instructing a law enforcement official to perform a specific task.

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66

Boycott

A refusal to buy or use goods and services as a form of protest.

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67

Rebellion

An act of violent or open resistance to an established government or ruler.

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68

Propaganda

Information, especially biased or misleading, used to promote a political cause or point of view.

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69

Committee of Correspondence

A group of colonists who exchanged letters and information about colonial affairs.

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