THE GREAT POWERS IN THE MIDDLE EAST

aims of the USA in the Middle East

support zionism

create peace

prevent terrorism

maintain ideological influence

aims of the USSR in the Middle East

Maintain ideological influence

defend and protect southern border

aims of the UN in the Middle East

create and maintain peace

first country to recognise Israel

USA in 1948

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country, 1957

role of the USA in the Suez Crisis

told Britain and France not to invade

pushed Israel to give back land they had taken from Egypt

role of USA in Arab-israeli wars

supported Israel in 1st, 3rd and 4th Arab Israeli wars

Nixon gives $2.2 billion in arms to Israel in Yom Kippur war

Camp David

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognise the nation state of Israel

mediated by USA in 1978

who did USA support in Iran-iraq war?

Iraq

Why did USA support Iraq in Iran-Iraq war?

in an ideological war with Iran, anti- islamic fundamentalism

Bush threatens to withhold loans to Israel

1991, because of Israel's treatment of the Palestinians and lack of willingness to compromise

US involvement in the gulf war

support Kuwait + Saudi Arabia, want to maintain access to oil

Camp David 2000

Unsuccessful meeting between Clinton, Barak, Arafat, trying to find a solution to the Israeli-Palestinian issue.

road map to peace

2003, G.W Bush's plan to create peace in Palestine

quite successful, but ultimately failed because of changes leadership

USSR failure in 1955

unable to prevent Turkey and Iran from joining the Baghdad pact

USSR successes in the Middle East

Czech arms deal with Egypt in 1955

aiding the Aswan dam 1956-70

supplying of Arab nationalists in Egypt in 1956

claimed credit for the ceasefire in 1970 between Israel and Egypt

USSR expelled from Egypt

1972

soviet invasion of Afghanistan

1979, Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan to help the Afghan communist government crush anticommunist Muslim guerrillas

USSR withdrew but communist party remained in power

who did USSR support in the Iran-Iraq war

iraq

why did ussr support Iraq in Iran-Iraq war

ideological issues with Iran- communism atheistic, Iran not

UN establish peace at Egyptian-israeli border

1956

UN remove troops from Israeli-egyptian buffer zone

1956

UN resolution 242

1967, called for Israeli withdrawal from conquered territories gained after the Six Day War (sinai and Golan heights) and redrew borders of Israel and Palestine

Arafat gives speech at the UN

1974

success of Arafat giving speech at the UN

showed partial recognition of Israel and step towards peace

UN trade sanctions imposed on Iraq

during the gulf war (1990) to try and encourage Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait

UN failures in the Middle East

failed to stand up to Nasser, UNEF troops removed from the buffer zone and failed to prevent the 6-day war

resolution 242 generally had few long-lasting consequences, no lasting peace in the region

unable to maintain peace in Lebanon in 1978-85 and prevent Israeli invasion

UN resolution 181

In 1947, the resolution partitioned Palestine into a part Israel, Part Palestine territory

US failures in the Middle East

lack of trust in Nasser led to improved Soviet-Egyptian relations

lack of trust with Arabs because of support for Israel

role in iran-iraq war did not create peace

camp David 2000 not effective

USA and the PLO after 1988

held secret talks (following 1st intifada) to try and encourage peace- semi-successful

the Oslo accords

1993 and 1995, Secret peace talks between the Israelis and the Palestinians, helped along by the USA

successful for the short term peace process but longterm ineffective because of Rabin's death, extremism and changes in leadership

Aims of the ottomans in the Middle East

contain pan arabism

maintain Turkish influence

turning points for Turkey in the Middle East

loss in WWI, dissolution of ottoman empire

Arab revolt 1916 removes ottoman power in the Middle East

turning points for Britain in the Middle East

League of Nations delegates mandates to Britain 1919/1920

Balfour declaration 1917

Suez crisis 1956

first gulf war 1991

turning points for France in the Middle East

League of Nations delegates mandates to France 1919/20

France leave syria 1946

Suez crisis 1956

turning points for USA in the Middle East

Truman's recognition of Israel 1948

involvement in the first Arab Israeli war 1948

Bush threatens to withhold loans to Israel 1991

9/11 2001

UN involvement in Lebanon 2006

arrange a ceasefire and fighting mostly stopped, peacekeepers sent to the border

number of US troops sent to the Saudi desert (gulf war) in 1991

600k

Bush incites regime change over Saddam

1991, calls on Kurds and Shiites

creates of the no fly zone over Iraq 1991

Britain and USA

UNSCOM involvement in iraq 1990s

1991- start searching from WMDs

1992- decide all medium and long-range missiles have been destroyed

1996- decide all material that could be used to make nuclear and chemical weaponry have been destroyed, unable to destroy current biological programme

US troops leave Iraq

2011

US troops set up elections in Iraq

2008

impact of the Cold War on the Middle East

communist revolutions encouraged the upheaval of traditional/monarchical regimes (ex. North Yemen, Iraq, Egypt)

ideological struggle between USA and USSR (ex. involvement in Suez crisis, Afghanistan 1979)

USA more prominent peace maker after/towards the end of the Cold War. (ex. recognition of the PLO, Oslo accords, camp David 2000)