Functional groups

Hydrocarbons

alkane, alkene, alkyne, phenyl/aryl

phenyl/aryl suffix

-yl benzene

name and suffix

phenyl/aryl, -yl benzene

oxygen based functional groups

alcohol, ether, acetal

ether suffix

-oxy - ane

name and suffix

ether, -oxy - ane

name

acetal

nitrogen based functional groups

amine, imine, nitrile, nitro

name and suffix

imine, n-alkyl-animine

name and suffix

nitrile, -nitrile

name and suffix

nitro, -nitro

carbonyl based functional groups

aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, acid anhydride, amide, acyl halide

NAME AND SUFFIX

aldehyde, - al

name and suffix

ketone, -one

name and suffix

carboxylic acid, - anoic acid

name and suffix

ester, -yl - oate

name and suffix

acid anhydride, -oic-anyhydride

name and suffix

amide, -amide

name and suffix

acyl halide, -oyl halide

name and suffix

haloalkane alkyl halide, halo-

name and suffix

thiol, -thiol

name and suffix

sulfide, -yl -yl sulfide ( -ylthio) -ane

Why is amide rotation restricted

partial double bond character

Why is carboxylate ion stable

charged delocalisation over two oxygen atoms

Which functional group contains C=O bonded to nitrogen

amide

Which functional group contains two carbonyls joined

acid anhydride

Which functional group replaces -OH with Cl

acyl chloride

Which functional group replaces -OH with -OR

ester

Which functional group contains -COO⁻

carboxylate ion

Which functional group has C=O in middle

ketone

Which functional group has C=O at end of chain

aldehyde

Most stable resonance structure

Has full octets minimal charges and charges on correct atoms

Effect of delocalisation

Increases stability and changes reactivity

Condition for delocalisation

Requires overlapping p orbitals

Delocalisation

Electrons spread over multiple atoms lowering energy and increasing stability

Resonance hybrid

Real structure is a combination of all resonance structures

Amide shape

Trigonal planar and flat due to sp² hybridisation

Carboxylic acid property

Acidic because it can donate H⁺

Carboxylate stability

Stable due to delocalisation of negative charge over multiple atoms

Why carboxylic acids are more acidic than alcohols

Conjugate base is stabilised by delocalisation

conjugate base

acid - proton

Ester vs carboxylic acid

Ester has C–O instead of O–H

Acyl chloride reactivity

Highly reactive due to electronegative chlorine and polar bonds

Acid anhydride reactivity

Reactive due to two carbonyl groups and electron withdrawal

Amide structure

nitrogen donates lone pair creating partial double bond with carbonyl

Amide bonding

C–N bond has partial double bond character

structural isomer

same atoms connected differently, DBE must stay the same

Diasteromer

cis/trans or change some but not all stereo centres

enantiomer

change one or all sterocentres or reflect