psych development key points practice

Authoritarian Parenting Style

These parents are coercive, imposing strict rules and expecting total obedience without discussion.

Permissive Parenting Style

These parents are un-restraining, making few demands, setting few limits, and rarely using punishment.

Neglectful (Uninvolved) Parenting Style

These parents are careless and inattentive, remaining emotionally detached and providing only basic needs.

Authoritative Parenting Style

Considered the most balanced, these parents set firm rules but remain responsive by encouraging open discussion.

Sensorimotor Stage

Infants experience the world through senses and actions; major milestone is object permanence.

Preoperational Stage

Children use words and images to represent things but lack logical reasoning; marked by pretend play and egocentrism.

Concrete Operational Stage

Children begin thinking logically about concrete events and master conservation but struggle with abstract concepts.

Formal Operational Stage

This stage involves the development of abstract logic and the ability to reason about hypothetical scenarios.

Trust vs. Mistrust

If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Toddlers learn to do things for themselves or doubt their own abilities.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Children learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or feel guilty about their efforts to be independent.

Competence vs. Inferiority

Children feel a sense of pleasure in applying themselves to tasks or feel inferior if they fail to master them.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Teenagers work on refining their sense of self by testing different roles and integrating them into a single identity.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young adults struggle to form close, intimate relationships or feel socially isolated.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Adults seek to contribute to the world, often through family or work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.

Integrity vs. Despair

Reflecting on their lives, older adults feel either a sense of satisfaction or failure.

Schemas

Mental frameworks that help individuals organize and interpret information.

Object Permanence

The realization that things exist even when they cannot be seen.

Pretend Play

A form of play where children use imagination to create scenarios and roles.

Animism

The belief that objects have feelings and intentions.

Egocentrism

The difficulty in seeing things from another's perspective.

Conservation

The understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape.