Thinking and Intelligence Review

Cognition

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, & communicating.

Concepts

Mental groupings (categories) of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Prototypes

Mental images or best examples of a concept.

Algorithms

Methodical procedures that guarantee you solve a problem.

Heuristics

Simple thinking strategies that are speedier but more prone to error.

Insight

A sudden realization of the solution to a problem.

Availability Heuristic

When an event comes readily to mind, we assume it must be common.

Overconfidence

The tendency to be more confident than correct.

Belief Perseverance

Clinging to beliefs even after evidence has proven them wrong.

Framing

The way an issue is posed, which can affect decisions and judgments.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for information that supports your preconceptions and ignore/distort information that contradicts them.

Creativity

requires a combination of ability and aptitude

Ability

skills or knowledge that you already have

Aptitude

your ability to acquire skills/knowledge

Convergent Thinking

Most written tests require ______ ________.

Divergent Thinking

Creativity tests require ________ _________.

Intuition

Effortless, immediate feelings (gut instinct).

5 Ingredients to Creative Innovation

1. Expertise 2. Imaginative Thinking Skills 3. Venturesome Personality 4. Intrinsic Motivation 5. Creative Environment.

Example of a Concept

Fruit

Example of Prototype

Strawberries

Example of Algorithm

Methodical approach to find Oreos

Example of Heuristics

Searching in sections where Oreos are most likely to be.

Example of Confirmation Bias

Believes Eagles are the best football team, so surrounds myself with Eagles fans.

Example of Availability Heuristic

Hearing about plane crashes happening → don't want to go on a plane.

Intelligence

the ability to learn from experience , solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

General Intelligence (g)

predicts our abilities in many different areas

Charles Spearman

__________ ___________ created the General Intelligence Theory

Triarchic Theory

There are 3 basics kinds of intelligence that affect many areas of life

Analytical Intelligence

School smarts; traditional academic problem-solving

Creative Intelligence

use insight to adapt to new situations and generate new ideas

Practical Intelligence

Street Smarts; skill at handling everyday tasks with multiple solutions

Robert Sternberg

________ __________ created the Triarchic Theory.

Emotional Intelligence (EQ/EI)

expressed by perceiving, understanding, managing emotions and using emotions to adapt to thinking

Daniel Goleman

_______ ________ created Emotional Intelligence Theory

Multiple Intelligence

idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill

Howard Gardner

_______ ________ created Multiple Intelligence Theory

Savant Syndrome

condition in which a person with limited mental abilities has an exceptional specific skill (Ex: computation, drawing)

Naturalistic

understanding living things and reading nature

visual/spatial

visualizing the world in 3D

linguistic

finding the right words to express what you mean

intrapersonal

understanding yourself, what you feel, and what you want

interpersonal

sensing people's feelings and motives

logical-mathematical

quantifying things, making hypotheses and proving them

bodily-kinesthetic

coordinating your mind with your body

musical

discerning sounds, their pitch, tone, rhythm, and timbre

General Intelligence Theory

_________ _________ __________ is the most correct theory.

ability; motivation

________ and _________ are the 2 ingredients to success.

Alfred Binet

French psychologist that created the first intelligence predictor in 1905

Lewis Terman

Copied Binet’s intelligence test at Stanford University in 1911

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Lewis Terman renamed Binet’s test _____________ _______ ______.

Intellectual Disability

A condition of limited mental ability and difficulty adapting to the demands of life

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

The most widely used individual intelligence test today

Heritability

The amount of difference between people that come from their genes

100

Average person’s IQ is ____.

IQ

Intelligence Quotient

IQ Equation

Mental Age/Actual Age X 100

Down Syndrome

an example of mild to severe intellectual disability and physical disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

85-115%

Most people’s IQ is _______.

Gifted IQ

130+%

Intellectually disabled IQ

70% and below

Positive Environment

• Healthy prenatal care

• Stimulating environments

• Higher socioeconomic status

• Healthy diet/sleep patterns

• Higher educated guardians

Negative Environment

• Malnutrition

• Poverty

• Abuse/mistreatment/neglect

• Low environment stimulation

• Lower educated guardians

Nurture

Environmental factors shape cognitive abilities and their development