Hormone Table

Hypothalamus gland makes - Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

• Target: Anterior Pituitary

• Effect: Stimulates release of Growth Hormone

Hypothalamus gland makes— Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH / Somatostatin)

• Target: Anterior Pituitary

• Effect: Inhibits release of Growth Hormone

Hypothalamus — Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

• Target: Anterior Pituitary

• Effect: Stimulates release of TSH [thyroid stimulating hormone]

Hypothalamus — Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)

• Target: Anterior Pituitary

• Effect: Stimulates release of Prolactin

Hypothalamus — Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH / Dopamine)
Back:

• Target: Anterior Pituitary

• Effect: Inhibits release of Prolactin

Hypothalamus — Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)

• Target: Anterior Pituitary

• Effect: Stimulates release of ACTH

Anterior Pituitary gland makes Human Growth Hormone (GH) .

• Target: Liver, muscles, bones, cartilage, adipose, almost all cells
  Direct effect: Breaks down fats for energy (Glucose Sparing Effect)
  Indirect effect: Stimulates liver to release IGFs, which promote cell growth, division, and protein synthesis

Anterior Pituitary gland makes Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

• Target: Thyroid Gland

• Effect: Stimulates synthesis and release of T3/T4

• Stimulates thyroid to release thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) which regulate metabolism

Anterior Pituitary gland makes Prolactin. The targets of the hormone are the mammary glands.

• Target: Mammary glands

• Effect: Milk production

• or

The target of the hormone is the mammary glands. The effects of the hormone on its target are to stimulate gland development and milk production.

10. Anterior Pituitary gland makes Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) .

• Target: Adrenal Cortex

• Effect: Stimulates release of glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)

• or

• The target of the hormone is the adrenal cortex. The effects of the hormone on its target are to stimulate release of glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) and androgens.

Anterior Pituitary gland makes Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

• Target: Melanocytes

• Effect: Stimulates melanin synthesis (skin pigmentation)

Anterior Pituitary gland makes Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) .

• Target: Gonads (Ovaries/Testes)

• Effect: Regulate gamete production and sex hormone release

• or

• Anterior Pituitary gland makes Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) . The target of the hormone is the gonads (ovaries/testes) . The effects of the hormone on its target are to regulate gamete production (egg and sperm development) and stimulate sex hormone release (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone) .

Posterior Pituitary gland releases Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (produced by the hypothalamus).

• Produced in: Hypothalamus

• Target: Kidneys

• Effect: Water reabsorption (increases blood volume)

posterior Pituitary gland releases Oxytocin (produced by the hypothalamus).

• Produced in: Hypothalamus

• Target: Uterus, Mammary glands

• Effect: Uterine contractions; milk ejection

or

The targets of the hormone are the uterus and mammary glands. The effects of the hormone on its targets are uterine contractions for birth, milk ejection (releases milk, does not make it), and plays a role in ejaculation by acting on smooth muscle.

. Liver gland makes Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF / Somatomedins

• Target: Bone, Cartilage, Muscle

• Effect: Mediates growth effects of GH; cell division and growth

Thyroid gland makes Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) .

• Target: Most body cells

• Effects: Increases metabolic rate; Calorigenic Effect (heat generation); growth and development

• Calorigenic Effect

Thyroid gland makes Calcitonin.

• Target: Bones, Kidneys

• Effect: Lowers blood calcium levels

Parathyroid gland makes Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) .

• Target: Bones, Kidneys, Intestines

• Effect: Raises blood calcium levels

Adrenal Cortex (Zona Glomerulosa) makes Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) .

• Target: Kidneys

• Effect: Sodium retention / Potassium excretion; increases blood pressure

. Adrenal Cortex (Zona Fasciculata) makes Glucocorticoids (cortisol) .

• Target: Most body cells

• Effects: Diabetogenic Effect (increases blood glucose); anti-inflammatory; stress response

Adrenal Cortex (Zona Reticularis) makes Androgens.

• Target: Gonads, Muscles

• Effect: Contribute to libido; converted to estrogen or testosterone

Adrenal Medulla makes Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.

• Target: Heart, Lungs, Liver, Muscles

• Effect: "Fight or flight" — increases heart rate, dilates airways, increases blood glucose

Pancreas (Alpha cells) makes Glucagon.

• Target: Liver, Adipose

• Effect: Diabetogenic Effect (liver glycogenolysis); raises blood glucose

• Diabetogenic

Pancreas (Beta cells) makes Insulin.

• Target: Liver, Muscle, Adipose

• Effect: Lowers blood glucose; promotes storage (anabolic)

Pancreas (Delta cells) makes Somatostatin (identical to Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone).

• Target: Pancreas, Stomach

• Effect: Inhibits release of Insulin and Glucagon

Pancreas (PP cells) makes Pancreatic Polypeptide.

• Target: Stomach, Liver

• Effect: Regulates pancreatic secretions; appetite

Pineal gland makes Melatonin.

• Target: Brain

• Effect: Regulates circadian rhythms (sleep-wake cycles)

Calorigenic Effect Increased metabolism, heat generation, energy use, oxygen consumption; leads to growth and development)

Hormone	Gland
Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3)	Thyroid Gland

Only T3/T4 have the Calorigenic Effect in this set. Growth Hormone contributes to growth and development indirectly via IGFs, but the classic calorigenic effect is specific to thyroid hormones.

Glucose Sparing Effect

(Breakdown of triglycerides to fatty acids; fatty acids used for ATP, sparing glucose)

Hormone	Gland
Growth Hormone (GH)	Anterior Pituitary

Direct effect of GH is to mobilize fatty acids from adipose tissue, allowing the body to use fats for energy instead of glucose.

Diabetogenic Effect

(In the liver, glycogen broken down into glucose; blood glucose rises)

Hormone	Gland
Glucagon	Pancreas (Alpha Cells)
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)	Adrenal Cortex (Zona Fasciculata)

Both of these hormones raise blood glucose levels:

• Glucagon acts directly on the liver to break down glycogen

• Cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis (making new glucose) and opposes insulin