Quiz 3 (3.`1.5-3.1.7)

Why is it important to know the identity of the infectious agent

It’s important to identify the agent type so you can best treat it

How do you identify the infectious agent

The way it grows, their morphology, and their ability to metabolize/digest

Morphology

Cell shape

Metabolize

Digestion

What is the first step in identifying the type of bacteria

Culture/grow bacteria

Normal flora

The normal bacteria that live in us

Pure cultures

Samples with one bacteria type

Petri dish

Clear plastic container

Colonies

Groups of bacteria

Agar

Gel used to grow bacteria

Isolation streak

A streak used to form isolated colonies

Binary fission

When a cell repeatedly divides to form millions of bacteria cells

What are the four forms of bacterial colonies

Circular, irregular, filamentous, and rhizoid

What are the five elevations of bacterial colonies

Raised, convex, flat, umbonate, and crateriform

What are the five margins of bacterial colonies

Entire, undulate, filiform, curled, and lobate

How do you determine colony size

Diameter

What are the three layers of protection for bacteria

Capsule, cell wall, and cell membrane

What do bacteria have in place of a nucleus

Nucleiod region and plasmid

What parts of bacteria are used for conjugation

Pili and plasmid

What is conjugation

The swapping of DNA in bacteria, used to make antibodies

What is used for movement in bacteria

Flagella

What makes proteins in bacteria

Ribosomes

What is the capsule

It’s an outer protective cover

What is the cell wall

Peptidoglycan layer of the membrane

What is the function of the cell membrane

It determines what can enter and leave

What is the purpose of flagella

It helps bacteria move

What is the purpose of pili

It adheres to a surface or other bacteria (for conjugation)

What is the plasmid

It’s a small ring of DNA that can be shared during conjugation for antibodies

What is the function of ribosomes

They’re used to make proteins

What is the nucleoid region

IT IS NOT A NUCLEUS, contains genetic material

Morphology

The study of the shapes of cells

What are the three shapes of bacteria

Cocci, bacilli, and spirilla

Cocci

Circular

Bacilli

Rod

Spirilla

Spiral

What are the arrangements of cocci

Individual, diplococci, strepto, tetrad, and staphylococcus

What are the arrangements of bacilli

Individual and strepto

What are the arrangements for spirilla

Only individual

How many groups do gram stains divide bacteria into

Two

How do gram stains differentiate cells

The composition of their cell wall

What is the cell wall made of

Peptidoglycan

What is peptidoglycan

A sugar and amino acid-rich substance

How do you determine the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer

Gram stain

Gram stain

applies dyes and reagents in a specific order to bacteria

Gram-positive

purple

Gram-negative

Pink

What is the thickness of a gram-negative bacteria

Thin

What is the thickness of a gram-positive bacteria

Thick

Which type of bacteria is more dangerous

Gram-negative

What do gram-negative bacteria have that gram-positive don’t

Lipopolysaccharides and an outer membrane

What can lipopolysaccharides do

Have toxic effects and induce septic shock

What are the steps of Gram stain

Fixation, primary stain, iodine treatment, decolorization, and counter stain

What do you do in fixation

Run a microscope slide with bacteria on it over a flame

Why do you do fixation

So the bacteria stick to the slide

What do you do in a primary stain

Apply crystal violet

Why do you apply crystal violet

It will go stain the gram-positive bacteria but not the gram-negative

What do you do during iodine treatment

Apply iodine atop the crystal violet

Why do you apply iodine

It binds with the crystal violet so it stays better to create a crystal violet iodine complex

What do you do during decolorization

Apply ethyl alcohol

Why do you apply ethyl alcohol

It causes water to leave the cell and block the stain in gram-positive, and in gram-negative it dissolves the outer membrane, and the stain leaves

What do you do in counter-stain

Apply safranin

Why do you apply safranin

So the gram-negative is stained pink and you can’t see it in gram-positive

Journal articles

A collection of academic/technical articles written by experts

Conferences

Events designed for professionals to share ideas, explore products, and interact with others in their field

Press releases

Quick delivery of news to the public to deliver information

Press conferences

Quick delivery of news to the public and a place to answer questions

TV, Radio, Print

Various outlets prove information to the general public

Social Media

Quickly share information through different communication apps

Educational Materials

Pamphlets/flyers at a doctors’ office about a specific disease, disorder, injury, or treatment option

Peer-Reviewed

An article that was evaluated by a board of peers

Abstract

Summary of a scientific journal at the beginning

Morbidity

The rate of a disease within a population

Mortality

The number of deaths over a period of time