Western Civilization to 1500 Final

Four C's of history

Context / Causation / Chronology / Confirmation

4 Calendar Dating Systems

China (Dynasty) / Hebrews (Creation) / Greeks (Olympics) / Romans (Founding of Rome)

Four elements & Four humors

Earth / Black Bile - Air / Blood - Fire / Yellow Bile - Water / Phlegm

Name four Greek philosophers

Socrates / Plato / Aristotle / Pythagoras

Three battles of the Persian Wars

Marathon / Thermopylae / Salamis

Three Greek playwrights

Aeschylus / Sophocles / Euripides

Five Achievements of Romans

Colosseum / Roads / Concrete Buildings / The Republic / Latin

Five achievements / Innovations of the Greeks

Democracy / Philosophy / Olympics / Theater / Gymnasium

Three Achievements of Christianity

Cathedrals and Churches / Legal and Justice Systems / Abolition of Slavery

Four achievements of the Persians

Centralized Bureaucracy: Satraps / Cyrus Cylinder / Royal Road / Qanats (Underground Canals

Three achievements of Egyptians

Cosmetics / Plumb Line / Pyramids / Hieroglyphics

Four achievements of the Assyrians

Long Range Army / Library / Combined Assault Tactics / First True Empire

Hittites (2)

Chariot Warfare / Iron

Babylonians (2)

Base 60 Mathematics / Law Code / Hanging Gardens

Lydians (1)

Coins

Phoenicians (3)

Continents / Alphabet / Sailing

Hebrews (3)

Monotheism / Olive Press / Creator God / Alphabet

Mesopotamians (3)

Ziggurat / Cuneiform / Royal Game of Ur / Plow

Aristotle (5)

Formal Logic / Alexander the Great / Classification of Knowledge / Biology and Zoology / The Golden Mean

Carolingians (3)

Lower Case Letters / Romanesque Architecture / Cathedral Schools

Byzantines (2)

Hagia Sophia / Iconoclasm

Islam (2)

Coffee / Algebra

Medieval Europe (5)

Magna Carta / Feudalism / Crusades / Common Law

The Twelve Olympian gods/ goddesses & their areas

○ Zeus (King of Gods) ○ Hera (Queen of Gods and Marriage) ○ Poseidon (God of Sea) ○ Hermes (Messenger of Gods) ○ Hestia (Goddess of Hearth and Home) ○ Athena (Goddess of Wisdom) ○ Ares (God of War and Vengeance) ○ Demeter (Goddess of Fertility and Agriculture) ○ Apollo (God of Sun and Healing) ○ Hephaestus (God of Fire and Forge) ○ Goddess of the Hunt and Moon (Artemis) ○ Aphrodite (Goddess of Love and Beauty)

Name the Seven Wonders of the World

○ Great Pyramids of Giza ○ Hanging Gardens of Babylon ○ Colossus of Rhodes ○ Statue of Zeus at Olympia ○ Lighthouse of Alexandria ○ Mausoleum at Halicarnassus ○ Temple of Artemis at Ephesus

Name four Roman virtues

Courage / Justice / Duty / Faithfulness

Roman Periods of History

○ Roman Kingdom ○ Roman Republic ○ Roman Empire ○ Byzantine Empire

Rivers of Rome’s European Border

Rhine and Danube

Hellenic

Culture Art Achievements of ancient Greece before conquests of Alexander the Great.

Hellenistic

Period after Alexander the Great’s Conquests.

Name six Roman gods and their areas

○ Jupiter: King of Gods ○ Venus: Love and Beauty ○ Mars: God of War ○ Neptune: God of Sea ○ Ceres: Agriculture ○ Vesta: Goddess of Hearth and Home

Three types of good government

Monarchy / Aristocracy / Polity

Three types of bad government

Tyranny / Oligarchy / Democracy

Five Good Emperors

Nerva / Trajan / Hadrian / Antoninus Pius / Marcus Aurelius

Members of First Triumvirate

Julius Caesar / Pompey the Great / Crassus

Radicalness of Christ

○ Challenged Religious Authority ○ Universalism ○ Nonviolent Resistance

Five Pillars of Islam

○ Shahada / Declaration of Faith ○ Salat / Prayer ○ Zakat / Almsgiving or Charity ○ Sawm / Fasting ○ Hajj / Pilgrimage

Two Divisions of Islam

Sunni Islam and Shia Islam

Islam

Monotheistic Abrahamic Religion based on the belief in one God, Allah.

Muslim

Someone who follows Islam and submits to the will of Allah

Five Ancient Centers of Christianity

Jerusalem / Rome / Alexandria / Antioch / Constantinople

Three Social Classes of Medieval Europe

Nobility / Clergy / Peasants or Serfs

Seven Sacraments

Baptism / Eucharist / Confirmation / Reconciliation / Anointing of the Sick / Holy Orders / Matrimony

Seven Deadly Sins

Pride / Greed / Lust / Envy / Gluttony / Wrath / Sloth

Three Ranks in the Guild

Master / Journeyman / Apprentice

Four Rights of Englishmen

Trial by Jury / Habeas Corpus / Property / Consent to Taxation

Four Germanic Tribes

Visigoths / Ostrogoths / Franks / Vandals

Three Sets of Invaders

Vikings / Magyars / Muslim Moors

Four Results of Plague

Death / Labor Shortages / Economic disruption / Decline of Feudalism

Influence of Catholic Church

○ Spiritual Authority ○ Political Power ○ Cultural and Educational Influence / Social Services

How were the Hebrews different from their neighbors?

Monothesism / Covenant and Law / Social Structure and Ethics / Culture Identity

Where in the ancient world was it best to be a woman?

Egypt

Which society that we studied was the most militaristic/ focused on warfare?

Spartans

Name the two largest empires we have studied.

Persian Empire / Roman Empire

What was polis in Greece? Name the four most important.

City State: Athens / Sparta / Corinth /Thebes

Who were the Olympics in honor of? What were the competitions like?

Honor Zeus / Nude / Races / Boxing / Wrestling / Chariot Racing

Where did the length of a marathon originate?

Marathon to Athens

Name the members of the First Triumvirate.

Pompey / Crassus / Julius Caesar

What was Pompey's strongest area?

General

Whose protege was Pompey?

Sulla

How did Pompey die?

Julius Caesar defeated him in battle, he fled to Egypt and Pharaoh had him killed

What was Crassus' strongest area?

Wealth

How did Crassus serve Rome?

Patron of Caesar

How did Crassus die?

Killed in 53 BC at battle of Carrhae

What were Julius Caesar’s strong points?

Military Leader, Strategist, Politician

What did the Senate not like about Julius Caesar?

He was powerful and popular

How does Julius Caesar still influence us today?

Calendar

Who was Julius Caesar’s son?

Caesarion

Who was Julius Caesar’s heir?

Augustus Caesar

What title does Julius Caesar receive?

Dictator for Life?

What problems does Julius Caesar create in Rome?

Concentration of Power / Civil War / Rise of Roman Empire

What does Crossing the Rubicon mean?

Went against the orders of the Senate

What is the significance of Crossing the Rubicon?

Effectively declared war on Senate / Civil War / Point of No Return

How did Caesar sway the populace of Rome?

Public works / Veteran Lands / Gladiator Games

What happened after Caesar's assassination?

Mark Antony / Octavian / Lepidus formed Second Triumvirate

Second Triumvirate Members

Mark Antony, Octavian (Augustus), Lepidus

Titles of Augusts Caesar

Imperator, Princeps, Pontifex Maximus

Augustus

Augustus Caesar Birth Name

Gaius Octavius Thurinus

Augustus’ Approach to Ruling

Augustus maintained the illusion of republican governance while consolidating power in himself. He was very cautious about appearing too autocratic and presented himself as the "First Citizen", not a king or dictator. His strategy involved carefully balancing his control over the military, the Senate, and the people.

Augustus reformed the Roman army by:

○ Creating a standing army with professional soldiers who served for 20-25 years, receiving a pension upon retirement. ○ Instituting the Praetorian Guard, an elite force tasked with protecting the emperor. ○ Instituting a system where soldiers swore an oath of loyalty directly to the emperor. ○ Reducing the number of legions but increasing their effectiveness and loyalty.

Augustus’ Achievements

○ He transformed Rome from a republic in civil war to a stable empire, securing borders, initiating construction projects, and sponsoring the arts (known as the Pax Romana). ○ Augustus built infrastructure, including roads, aqueducts, and buildings that lasted for centuries. ○ He reformed the tax system and administration of the provinces.

Augustus’ Mistake

One of Augustus’ great mistakes was naming his stepson Tiberius as his heir. Although Tiberius became emperor, his reign was marked by increasing paranoia and political repression.

Three Things Romans Required of All Parts of the Empire:

Loyalty to Rome, Tribute and Taxes, Cultural Integration

Pinnacle of the Roman Empire

● The pinnacle of the Roman Empire came during the 2nd century CE, especially under the rule of Emperor Trajan (98–117 CE), whose expansion of the empire reached its greatest territorial extent. ● This period is often considered the height of Roman peace and prosperity, known as the Pax Romana.

Year of the Four Emperors

● After the death of Emperor Nero in 68 CE, the Roman Empire experienced a year of civil war and instability. Four emperors—Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian—ruled in rapid succession. ● This chaos happened because of Nero's unpopular reign, his death without a clear successor, and the political power vacuum that resulted.

Organizational Problems of the Roman Empire

● One of the primary problems was the lack of a stable succession system. The empire was often destabilized by civil wars, especially when emperors had no clear heirs. ● Additionally, the vast size of the empire made governance and communication difficult, with some regions effectively ruling themselves while Rome struggled to maintain direct control.

Nero’s Reign and Relationship with Christians:

● Nero was a notoriously cruel and erratic emperor, famous for his extravagant lifestyle and accusations of setting the Great Fire of Rome (64 CE). ● Nero was also known for his persecution of Christians, especially after he blamed them for the fire. This is one of the earliest instances of Roman imperial persecution of Christians

Elements of Jesus’ Message:

Love and Compassion, Forgiveness and Mercy, Repentance and Salvation, the Kingdom of God

What was the first Gospel?

Mark

Why was the book of Mark written?

○ It was written to provide an account of Jesus' life, death, and resurrection, especially for the early Christian communities facing persecution, as well as to confirm Jesus’ role as the Messiah. ○ Mark emphasizes the suffering and humanity of Jesus.

The Nicene Creed

The Nicene Creed (325 CE) was a statement of Christian belief established at the Council of Nicaea. It was designed to address disputes about the nature of Jesus and his relationship to God, affirming that Jesus was "consubstantial" (of the same substance) as God the Father

Fate of Peter

Crucified upside down in Rome

Fate of Paul

Beheaded in Rome under Nero

Fate of James the son of Zebedee

Beheaded by Herod Agrippa I

Fate of John

Exile in Patmos; natural causes

Justinian I

Reconquered western Roman territories, codified Roman Law, and built the Hagia Sophia

How long did Rome in the East Last?

The Byzantine Empire lasted until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453

The Great Schism of 1054:

The Great Schism was the formal division between the Roman Catholic Church (west) and the Eastern Orthodox Church (east), primarily over disagreements about papal authority and theological issues.

Three Holiest Cities in Islam

Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem

Germanic Tribes

Franks, Goths, Vandals, Anglo-Saxons, Lombards