Cardiovascular and Respiratory Test

What are arteries

• Always carry blood away from the heart

• Usually oxygen rich (except pulmonary artery)

• Walls are thick, elastic, and muscular

• Don’t have valves

What are veins

• always carry blood to the heart

• Usually oxygen poor (except pulmonary vein)

• Walls are thin, not elastic, with little muscle

• Have valves to prevent backflow

What are capillaries

• Connect arterioles and venules

• Walls are only one cell thick

• Exchange of materials between blood and body cells occurs through it

• Don’t have valves

What is the order of blood flow through the vessels? (Start at heart)

Heart - artery - arteriole - capillary - venule - vein

Heart diagram and blood flow

What are the lub/ dub sounds that we hear

• Lub/ S1

Blood is going out to the arteries. Ventricles are contracting and pressure is high. Tricuspid and mitral valves snap shut

• Dub/ S2

Blood is refilling the relaxed ventricles. Pressure is low. Pulmonary and aortic valve snap shut

Systemic and pulmonary circulation

Superior + inferior vena cava - right atrium / tricuspid valve / right ventricle / pulmonary valve / pulmonary artery - lungs - left pulmonary veins - left atrium / mitral valve / left ventricle / aortic valve / aorta - body

What is the average heartbeat?

72 bpm at rest/ 100,000 beats per day

What is systole?

The contraction of ventricles were pressure on the arteries is high

What is diastole?

Relaxation of the ventricles where the pressure on arteries is low

What is a PET scan? How does it work? Advantages? Disadvantages?

A PET scan is an imaging technique used to look at the heart.

A radioactive tracer is injected and pairs of gamma rays are detected when the tracer accumulates and active cells.

It can detect diseases at early stages, assess a treatments effectiveness, and pinpoint hidden issues

Can cause radiation exposure to fetus/infants, and can be potentially inaccurate for people with diabetes

What is an echocardiogram? How does it work? Advantages? Disadvantages?

An ultrasound that checks the structure and function of the heart.

It uses a transduce to send high frequency, sound waves into the chest, which bounced off of the heart structures and return as echoes; a computer, then translates these returning sound waves into real time, moving pictures on a screen, showing the heart shape, size, and function

Provide provides a detailed, non-invasive look at the heart structure and function

Can cause mild chest discomfort or mild reactions to the contrast dye

What is an aortic dissection?

A tear in the aorta’s walls or in the aortic valve

What is coronary heart disease?

Plaque buildup in the arteries, causing restricted blood, oxygen, and nutrition flow to the heart

Components of blood

• Red blood cells

  The most numerous of the blood cells and is produced in the bone marrow, particularly in the ribs and vertebrae. It has no nucleus or mitochondria and its life expectancy is 24 months. Contains hemoglobin, which is responsible for the transport of oxygen.

• White blood cells

  Make up a very small percentage of the total number of cells in the bloodstream, but have important functions in the bodies immune system

• Platelets

  Responsible for the clotting of blood and the formation of scabs. Do not contain a nucleus and only survive in the body for up to a week.

• Plasma

  The liquid portion of the blood that makes up about 55% of the bloods volume. It’s a mixture of water, proteins, and dissolve substances. It is the transportation medium for those substances.

What are antigens and antibodies?

• Antigen is a type of protein found on the surface of red blood cells. The two major kinds of antigens are A and B.

• Antibodies caused the body to form defensive proteins for protection if foreign proteins (antigens) appear. The two major kinds of blood antibodies are anti-A and anti-B.

What is agglutination?

It is the clumping together caused when an anti antibody acts on an antigen ex. Antigen A + anti-A = clumping.

What are the different blood groups?

A(+&-), B (+&-), AB(+&-), O(+&-)

What blood type can donate to who?

A - A & AB

B - B & AB

AB - AB

O- all ( universal donor)

What blood type can receive from who?

A - A & O

B - B & O

AB - all ( universal recipient)

O - O

What is RH factor and incompatibility?

Factor-

(+) having the protein

(-) don’t have the protein

Incompatibility

Occurs if an Rh negative mother is carrying an Rh positive embryo

The placenta may transfer the embryos’s blood to the mother, causing her blood to form antibodies

how does the body obtain oxygen, and why is it important?

Through the lungs and the blood received through the lungs

What is cellular respiration?

The metabolization of carbs, fats, and proteins to make ATP

Respiratory system diagram

Nose and mouth function

Passage ways for air ( also food for mouth)

Pharynx (throat) function

The common passageway for air, food, and liquid

Larynx (voice box) function

The production of sound (voice)

Glottis function

The opening that covers the larynx during swallowing

Trachea (windpipe) function

The main airway (transports air to and from lungs)

Bronchus function

Two passage ways the branch into the lungs

bronchi / bronchioles function

The branching airways in the lungs

Alveoli functions

The air sacs for gas exchange

Diaphragm function

The skeletal muscle of respiration; it moves down as the ribs move up and out, enlarging the chest cavity so that the air outside your body is drawn inward

Lungs function

transports air to alveoli for gas exchange

Upper respiratory tract functions

• Passageway for respiration

• Receptors for smell

• Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign materials

• Moistens and warms incoming air

• Resonating chambers for voice

Lower respiratory tract functions

Larynx: assists in sound production (voice)

Trachea: transports air to and from lungs

Bronchi: branch into lungs

Lungs: transports air to alveoli for gas exchange

Respiratory cycle

• ⭐️As the diaphragm moves down and the ribs move up and out, the chest cavity enlarges. The lungs blood pressure drops, drawing air in

• Air passes through the nostrils, naval cavities, and into the pharynx

• The epiglottis/ glottis protects the opening of the lungs. It opens to let air in but closes when food passes towards the esophagus

• The trachea is the air passage that extends through the neck in front of the esophagus

• Divides into two bronchus

• Each bronchus leads to a lung where they branch off and end up as microscopic divisions

• Respiratory gases diffuse into and out of the blood through the thin membranes of the tiny blood vessels and alveoli

• Oxygen passes from the air sacs into the blood and carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the air sacs

Spirometer functions in measuring lung capacity ( tidal volume, vital capacity, inspiratory/expiratory reserve volume, residual volume)

It measures the amount of air inhaled and exhaled; checks respiratory and cardiovascular health

Tidal: the volume air inhaled in exhale in a single breath (normal breathing)

Vital: the maximum volume that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation (big breath in and release all air)

Inspiratory: the amount of air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume (breathe in all the way after breathing in normally)

Expiratory: the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond the tidal volume (breathing out all the way after breathing out normally)