Psych 104 Midterm 2 Ualberta

Two process theory

classical conditioning of fear response, operant conditioning of escape route

Avoidance Behaviour

Behaviour prevents aversive stimulus

Escape Behaviour

Behaviour terminates aversive stimulus

Interval Reinforcement

Certain amount of time between reinforcements

Ratio Reinforcement

Certain percentage of responses are reinforced

Variable Reinforcement

Reinforcement occurs after an average amount of time or number of responses

Fixed Reinforcement

Occurs after a fixed number of responses or time interval

Operant conditioning

Associating voluntary responses with consequences in environment- consequences follow behaviour

Appetitive stimulus

pleasant

Nicotine

Affects acetylcholine- relaxation, alertness, positivity

Sleepwalking

stages 3/4

Pictorial depth cues

linear perspective, texture gradient, interposition, relative size

Iris

controls amount of light to retina

Conductive deafness

problems involving mechanical transmission- ex- eardrum

Fechner's Law

subjective sensation is proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity

kin selection

behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored - more altruism with more relatedness

Behaviour

Reaction to a stimulus

Percent similarity of identical twins

100

Percent similarity of fraternal twins or siblings

50%

altruism

help with cost involved, ex danger

cooperation

individual helps another to gain an advantage or goal

monogamous mating

equal parental investment

Polygamous mating

unequal parental investment

Human social adaptations

language, reponsiveness to faces, group seeking, emotions

Minnesota Twin Study

Showed identical twins more similar than fraternal no matter circumstances

reaction range

The range of possibilities that the genetic code allows

concordance rate

how often we see two people with a certain trait

heritability coefficient

estimate of how much of a characteristic is due to genetic factors

Genes

Unit of heredity

Evolution

change in heritable traits through natural selection

Weber's Law

size of a just noticeable difference is a constant proportional to the size of initial stimulus

difference threshold (JND)

minimum detectable difference between two stimuli

stimuli

detectable input from environment

absolute threshold

minimum stimuli required for sensation 50% of the time

Psychophysics

how stimuli are translated into psychological experiences

Perception

how you understand stimuli- changes with context- brain process

sensation

stimulation of sense organs

transduction

stimulus converted to nerve impulse

reciprocal altruism

contributes to long term cooperation- memory of who has helped in past

Stimulus present, reponse yes

Hit

Stimulus present, response no

Miss

Stimulus absent, response yes

false alarm

Stimulus absent, result no

correct rejection

Amplitude

Height of a wave

cochlea

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear

organ of corti

Center part of the cochlea, containing hair cells, canals, and membranes

auditory localization

locating the source of a sound in space- helped by intensity and timing differences between ears

frequency theory

rate of nerve impulses matches the frequency of a tone

auditory-vestibular nerve

hearing and balance

Inner ear parts

cochlea, semicircular canals, auditory nerves, oval window, vestibular sacs, organ of corti, auditory tube

Middle ear parts

Eardrum, ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

Outer ear parts

Pinna, ear canal

purity (timbre)

combination of wave patterns, sound quality

Wavelength

The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave

Frequency

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

Sensory adaptation

gradual desensitization to a stimulus over time

Subliminal perception/messaging

the registration of sensory input without conscious awareness

Signal Detection Theory

detection process involves Y/N decision process as well as sensory processes- stimuli is noticeable based on conditions

Kinesthetic system

monitors positions of body parts

wavelength of light affects

colour

Retina

visual nerve

Lens

Focuses light onto retina, can make accomodations

Cornea

The clear tissue that covers the front of the eye

Amplitude of light affects

brightness

Visual system

senses light

Vestibular system

senses gravity and body location in space- semicircular canals

Gate control theory

pain must pass through "gate" in spinal cord that can block ascending pain signals

Tactile system

touch, heat, cold, pain

Buck and Axel

odor recognition- 350 types of receptors

Olfactory system

smell, volatile chemical substances sensed by cilia

Gustatory system

taste of soluble chemical compounds

Tinnitus

caused by blood vessel problem

Nerve deafness

damaged nerve receptors in inner ear

Rods

night and peripheral

Purity of light affects

saturation

Motion parallax

relative motion of obects across retina

Monocular depth cues

Based on image in either eye alone

Depth perception

how far away something is

Dual process theory

combines trichomatic and opponent process theories

opponent-process theory

human eye has three cone types sensitive to certain wavelengths- explains afterimages

Coloublindness

mostly dichromats- red, green, or blue insensitive

trichromatic theory

red, green and blus cones- everything else additive

additive colour mixing

superimposing lights, putting more light in the mixture than exists in any one light by itself- creates white

subtractive colour mixing

removes some wavelengths of light - creates black

Dark adaptation

More sensitive to light, happens in 30 mins

Fovea

contains only cones

Cones

for daylight and colour

Pupil

allows light to retina

Binocular depth cues

from both eyes

Illusory contours

seeing boundaries that don't exist

Psychodynamic view

conscious-preconscious-unconscious - Freud

conscious-preconscious-unconscious

Freud- currently aware, can recall, not aware

Rouge test

self-recognition

Ways of measuring stimuli

self reports, physiology, behavioural studies

Stimuli is...

dynamic, subjective/private, self-reflective

Consciousness

awareness of internal and external stimuli

Gestalt laws of organization

similarity, proximity, closure, continuity

Gestalt Psychology

humans organize what they see- whole greater than parts

Top down processing

sensory information interpreted in light of existing knowledge

bottom-up processing

Analysis beginning with simple individual elements and working up