Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System

Flashcards covering key terms and definitions related to disorders of the gastrointestinal system.

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

The system extending from the mouth to the anus, composed of organs that process food, absorb nutrients, and remove waste.

Digestion

The breakdown of food using enzymes and stomach acid.

Absorption

The process by which nutrients are absorbed primarily in the small intestine.

Motility

The muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

Elimination

The process of expelling undigested waste from the body.

Immune defenses

The mechanisms that protect against harmful microbes and toxins in the gastrointestinal system.

Extrinsic nerves

Nerves like the vagus and splanchnic nerves that regulate gastrointestinal activity.

Gut Microbiome Imbalance (Dysbiosis)

An imbalance of gut bacteria that can trigger various digestive diseases.

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

A disruption of the mucosal integrity of the stomach or duodenum, leading to ulcers.

Chronic Pancreatitis

Persistent inflammation of the pancreas that can lead to malabsorption.

Short-Bowel Syndrome (SBS)

A condition resulting from extensive resection of the small intestine, impacting nutrient absorption.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

A functional bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits.

Diverticulitis

Inflammation of diverticula in the colon, leading to pain and other symptoms.

Fecal Incontinence

The involuntary loss of stool, common in individuals with muscle or nerve damage.

Fistula in Ano

An abnormal passage between the anal canal and the skin surrounding the anus.

Mesenteric Ischemia

Reduced blood flow to the intestines, leading to ischemia or pain after eating.

Acute Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix, often requiring surgical removal.

Cirrhosis

Severe scarring of the liver due to chronic liver diseases affecting liver function.

Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease (ALD)

Liver damage resulting from excessive alcohol consumption.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

Fat accumulation in the liver of individuals who consume little or no alcohol.