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Substance Dependence
A cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating continued use of a substance despite significant substance-related problems.
Substance Abuse
A pattern of compulsive substance use marked by recurrent significant social, occupational, legal, or interpersonal adverse consequences.
Tolerance
A condition resulting from persistent use of a drug, characterized by a markedly diminished effect with regular use of the same dose of the drug.
Withdrawal
A syndrome including physiological, behavioral, and cognitive manifestations that develops after cessation of prolonged, heavy consumption of a substance.
Addiction
A state of psychological and/or physical dependence on the use of drugs or other substances or on activities or behaviors.
Behavioral Addictions
Categorized by the presence of compulsivity and impulsivity.
Compulsivity
The urge to do something repeatedly with good consequences, such as anxiety reduction.
Impulsivity
A spur-of-the-moment decision where consequences are usually not good, but not always
Basic Assumption of the Moral Model
Attributes substance use to individual choices influenced by weakening of morals, character flaws, or a lack of self-control.
Basic Assumption of the Social Learning Theory Model
Explains that substance use is a learned behavior influenced by environmental factors, social interactions, and reinforcement mechanisms.
Basic Assumption of the Biological Model
Posits that genetic and neurobiological factors predispose individuals to substance use disorders.
Basic Assumption of the AA/Disease Model
Perceives addiction as a chronic, progressive disease characterized by a loss of control over substance use.
Basic Assumption of the Harm Reduction Model
Aims to reduce the negative consequences associated with substance use rather than focusing solely on abstinence.
Basic Assumption of the Sociocultural Model
Emphasizes the role of cultural and environmental factors in shaping substance use patterns and behaviors.
Basic Assumption of the Biopsychosocial Model
Integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to provide a comprehensive understanding of substance use disorders.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
comprised of the brain and spinal cord; processes information, makes decisions, makes decisions, controls conscious thoughts and voluntary movements, interprets sensory input, and is involved in learning, memory, and emotions
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Regulates heart rate, breathing, digestion, and blood pressure, maintaining homeostasis.
Sympathetic Nervous System
“flight or flight”: prepares the body for action, increasing heart rate and alertness.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
“rest and digest”: calms the body down, slowing heart rate and promoting digestion.
Wanting
Driven by the mesolimbic dopamine system; represents the motivation or desire to obtain a reward.
Liking
Associated with the hedonic impact or pleasure derived from a reward, often linked to opioid and endocannabinoid systems.
Reward Learning
Involves the brain's ability to associate cues with rewards, reinforcing behaviors through classical and operant conditioning.
Drug Metabolism
The process by which the body breaks down and eliminates drugs, primarily occurring in the liver.
Drug Half-Life
The time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the bloodstream to reduce by half; determines the dosing schedule and duration of action.
Agonists
Substances that bind to receptors and activate them, mimicking the action of naturally occurring neurotransmitters.
Antagonists
Substances that bind to receptors but do not activate them, blocking the action of agonists or natural neurotransmitters.
THC
Psychoactive component of cannabis, responsible for the 'high' sensation.
CBD
Non-psychoactive component of cannabis with potential therapeutic benefits such as anti-inflammatory and relaxation effects.
AUDIT
Screens for hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption; comprises 10 questions assessing alcohol consumption patterns and related problems.
CUDIT
Designed to identify individuals at risk for cannabis use disorders; consists of 8 questions evaluating cannabis use frequency, dependence symptoms, and related problems.
CRAFFT
A brief screening tool for adolescents, ages 12–21, to assess alcohol and drug-related risks and problems; includes 6 questions focusing on situations where the adolescent used substances and any consequences.
Level 1 Screening
A brief, initial assessment to identify individuals at risk and determine the need for further evaluation.
Level 2 Screening
A more detailed assessment for individuals identified as at risk in Level 1 to confirm the presence of a substance use disorder and determine appropriate intervention.
Oral, Snorting, Inhalation, Injection, Sublingual (under the tongue), Buccal (inside the cheek), Topical
Common Methods of Administration
Physical Effects of Barbiturates
sedation, muscle relaxation, slurred speech, impaired coordination, and respiratory depression
Withdrawal Symptoms of Barbiturates
anxiety, tremors, seizures, and, in severe cases, death
Physical Effects of Benzos
anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant properties
Withdrawal Symptoms of Benzos
Anxiety, insomnia, tremors, seizures, and, in severe cases, psychosis
Physical Effects of Amphetamines
increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, reduced appetite, and heightened alertness
Withdrawal Effects of Amphetamines
fatigue, depression, increased appetite, and prolonged sleep
Physical Effects of Cocaine
euphoria, increased energy, dilated pupils, and rapid heartbeat
Withdrawal Symptoms of Cocaine
fatigue, depression, increased appetite, and sleep disturbances
Physical Effects of Cannabis
euphoria, altered perception, dry mouth, and red eyes
Withdrawal Symptoms of Cannabis
irritability, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and decreased appetite
Physical Effects of Tobacco/Nicotine & Vaping
increased alertness, elevated heart rate, and blood pressure
Withdrawal Effects of Tobacco/Nicotine & Vaping
irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and cravings
Physical Effects of Opioids
pain relief, euphoria, drowsiness, and respiratory depression
Withdrawal Symptoms of Opioids
agitation, anxiety, muscle pain, insomnia, sweating, dilated pupils, fast heart rate, high blood pressure, etc.
Physical Effects of Hallucinogens
altered perception, hallucinations, pupil dilation, and increased heart rate
Withdrawal Symptoms of Hallucinogens
fatigue, irritability, anxiety, depression, flashbacks, difficulty sleeping or concentrating
Physical Effects of Inhalants/Aerosols
euphoria, dizziness, slurred speech, and nausea
Withdrawal Symptoms of Inhalants/Aerosols
headaches, irritability, and cravings
Physical Effects of Club Drugs/New Street Drugs
increased heart rate, dilated pupils, dehydration, poor coordination, nausea, tremors/muscle twitching
Withdrawal Effects of Club Drugs/New Street Drugs
irritability, anxiety, fatigue, depression, memory & concentration issues
Screening Interview Guide Steps
1.) Establish Rapport
2.) Ask about life areas first: school, friends, etc.
3.) Then ask questions about substance use: e.g. “How many days per week do you drink alcohol?”, “On a typical day when you drink, how many drinks do you have?”, “How many times in the past month did you drink 5 or more drinks on a single occasion?”, “Do you use any drugs like marijuana, speed, coke, pain killers or other prescription drugs? About how many days per week?”
4.) Administer a screening tool (AUDIT, CRAFT, CUDIT, or Level 2 Substance Use) if in doubt
they control opposite, involuntary responses in your body — and together, they maintain homeostasis
Why is the distinction between parasympathetic and sympathetic important to understand?
how drugs can change your brain
increase release of neurotransmitters, may decrease reuptake, up and down regulation of receptors; disrupt wanting, liking, and reward learning
Key Concepts of the Social Learning Theory Model
Observational learning, Modeling, Reinforcement, Expectancies
Key Concepts of the Biological Model
genetics, brain structure/functions are altered, neurochemical factors & the reward pathway
Key Concepts of the AA/Disease Model
addiction as a disease, loss of control, abstinence-based, spiritual framework, identity as an addict
Key Concepts of the Harm Reduction Model
pragmatic approach, public health perspective, user autonomy, stigma reduction, incremental change
Key Concepts of the Sociocultural Model
cultural norms, social environment, marginalization and inequality, media and availability, social roles and expectations
Key Concepts of the Biopsychosocial Model
integrative approach, individual differences, dynamic interactions, holistic treatment