Substance Use Mideterm

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63 Terms

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Substance Dependence

A cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating continued use of a substance despite significant substance-related problems.

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Substance Abuse

A pattern of compulsive substance use marked by recurrent significant social, occupational, legal, or interpersonal adverse consequences.

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Tolerance

A condition resulting from persistent use of a drug, characterized by a markedly diminished effect with regular use of the same dose of the drug.

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Withdrawal

A syndrome including physiological, behavioral, and cognitive manifestations that develops after cessation of prolonged, heavy consumption of a substance.

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Addiction

A state of psychological and/or physical dependence on the use of drugs or other substances or on activities or behaviors.

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Behavioral Addictions

Categorized by the presence of compulsivity and impulsivity.

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Compulsivity

The urge to do something repeatedly with good consequences, such as anxiety reduction.

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Impulsivity

A spur-of-the-moment decision where consequences are usually not good, but not always

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Basic Assumption of the Moral Model

Attributes substance use to individual choices influenced by weakening of morals, character flaws, or a lack of self-control.

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Basic Assumption of the Social Learning Theory Model

Explains that substance use is a learned behavior influenced by environmental factors, social interactions, and reinforcement mechanisms.

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Basic Assumption of the Biological Model

Posits that genetic and neurobiological factors predispose individuals to substance use disorders.

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Basic Assumption of the AA/Disease Model

Perceives addiction as a chronic, progressive disease characterized by a loss of control over substance use.

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Basic Assumption of the Harm Reduction Model

Aims to reduce the negative consequences associated with substance use rather than focusing solely on abstinence.

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Basic Assumption of the Sociocultural Model

Emphasizes the role of cultural and environmental factors in shaping substance use patterns and behaviors.

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Basic Assumption of the Biopsychosocial Model

Integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to provide a comprehensive understanding of substance use disorders.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

comprised of the brain and spinal cord; processes information, makes decisions, makes decisions, controls conscious thoughts and voluntary movements, interprets sensory input, and is involved in learning, memory, and emotions

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Regulates heart rate, breathing, digestion, and blood pressure, maintaining homeostasis.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

“flight or flight”: prepares the body for action, increasing heart rate and alertness.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

“rest and digest”: calms the body down, slowing heart rate and promoting digestion.

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Wanting

Driven by the mesolimbic dopamine system; represents the motivation or desire to obtain a reward.

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Liking

Associated with the hedonic impact or pleasure derived from a reward, often linked to opioid and endocannabinoid systems.

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Reward Learning

Involves the brain's ability to associate cues with rewards, reinforcing behaviors through classical and operant conditioning.

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Drug Metabolism

The process by which the body breaks down and eliminates drugs, primarily occurring in the liver.

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Drug Half-Life

The time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the bloodstream to reduce by half; determines the dosing schedule and duration of action.

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Agonists

Substances that bind to receptors and activate them, mimicking the action of naturally occurring neurotransmitters.

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Antagonists

Substances that bind to receptors but do not activate them, blocking the action of agonists or natural neurotransmitters.

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THC

Psychoactive component of cannabis, responsible for the 'high' sensation.

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CBD

Non-psychoactive component of cannabis with potential therapeutic benefits such as anti-inflammatory and relaxation effects.

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AUDIT

Screens for hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption; comprises 10 questions assessing alcohol consumption patterns and related problems.

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CUDIT

Designed to identify individuals at risk for cannabis use disorders; consists of 8 questions evaluating cannabis use frequency, dependence symptoms, and related problems.

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CRAFFT

A brief screening tool for adolescents, ages 12–21, to assess alcohol and drug-related risks and problems; includes 6 questions focusing on situations where the adolescent used substances and any consequences.

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Level 1 Screening

A brief, initial assessment to identify individuals at risk and determine the need for further evaluation.

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Level 2 Screening

A more detailed assessment for individuals identified as at risk in Level 1 to confirm the presence of a substance use disorder and determine appropriate intervention.

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Oral, Snorting, Inhalation, Injection, Sublingual (under the tongue), Buccal (inside the cheek), Topical

Common Methods of Administration

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Physical Effects of Barbiturates

sedation, muscle relaxation, slurred speech, impaired coordination, and respiratory depression

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Withdrawal Symptoms of Barbiturates

anxiety, tremors, seizures, and, in severe cases, death

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Physical Effects of Benzos

anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant properties

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Withdrawal Symptoms of Benzos

Anxiety, insomnia, tremors, seizures, and, in severe cases, psychosis

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Physical Effects of Amphetamines

increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, reduced appetite, and heightened alertness

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Withdrawal Effects of Amphetamines

fatigue, depression, increased appetite, and prolonged sleep

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Physical Effects of Cocaine

euphoria, increased energy, dilated pupils, and rapid heartbeat

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Withdrawal Symptoms of Cocaine

fatigue, depression, increased appetite, and sleep disturbances

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Physical Effects of Cannabis

euphoria, altered perception, dry mouth, and red eyes

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Withdrawal Symptoms of Cannabis

irritability, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and decreased appetite

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Physical Effects of Tobacco/Nicotine & Vaping

increased alertness, elevated heart rate, and blood pressure

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Withdrawal Effects of Tobacco/Nicotine & Vaping

irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and cravings

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Physical Effects of Opioids

pain relief, euphoria, drowsiness, and respiratory depression

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Withdrawal Symptoms of Opioids

agitation, anxiety, muscle pain, insomnia, sweating, dilated pupils, fast heart rate, high blood pressure, etc.

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Physical Effects of Hallucinogens

altered perception, hallucinations, pupil dilation, and increased heart rate

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Withdrawal Symptoms of Hallucinogens

fatigue, irritability, anxiety, depression, flashbacks, difficulty sleeping or concentrating

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Physical Effects of Inhalants/Aerosols

euphoria, dizziness, slurred speech, and nausea

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Withdrawal Symptoms of Inhalants/Aerosols

headaches, irritability, and cravings

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Physical Effects of Club Drugs/New Street Drugs

increased heart rate, dilated pupils, dehydration, poor coordination, nausea, tremors/muscle twitching

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Withdrawal Effects of Club Drugs/New Street Drugs

irritability, anxiety, fatigue, depression, memory & concentration issues

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Screening Interview Guide Steps

1.) Establish Rapport

2.) Ask about life areas first: school, friends, etc.

3.) Then ask questions about substance use: e.g. “How many days per week do you drink alcohol?”, “On a typical day when you drink, how many drinks do you have?”, “How many times in the past month did you drink 5 or more drinks on a single occasion?”, “Do you use any drugs like marijuana, speed, coke, pain killers or other prescription drugs? About how many days per week?”

4.) Administer a screening tool (AUDIT, CRAFT, CUDIT, or Level 2 Substance Use) if in doubt

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they control opposite, involuntary responses in your body — and together, they maintain homeostasis

Why is the distinction between parasympathetic and sympathetic important to understand?

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how drugs can change your brain

increase release of neurotransmitters, may decrease reuptake, up and down regulation of receptors; disrupt wanting, liking, and reward learning

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Key Concepts of the Social Learning Theory Model

Observational learning, Modeling, Reinforcement, Expectancies

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Key Concepts of the Biological Model

genetics, brain structure/functions are altered, neurochemical factors & the reward pathway

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Key Concepts of the AA/Disease Model

addiction as a disease, loss of control, abstinence-based, spiritual framework, identity as an addict

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Key Concepts of the Harm Reduction Model

pragmatic approach, public health perspective, user autonomy, stigma reduction, incremental change

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Key Concepts of the Sociocultural Model

cultural norms, social environment, marginalization and inequality, media and availability, social roles and expectations

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Key Concepts of the Biopsychosocial Model

integrative approach, individual differences, dynamic interactions, holistic treatment