Erikson's Stages of Development

1.Trust vs. Mistrust

Infancy: 0–1 year

● Crisis: Developing trust in caregivers and the world.

● Successful outcome: The infant learns to trust caregivers and feels safe when needs are met consistently.
● Unsuccessful outcome: Mistrust develops if caregivers are neglectful or inconsistent, leading to fear and insecurity.

Goal: Build confidence and trust through consistent care and affection.

2.Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Toddler: 1–3 years

● Crisis: Developing independence and self-control.

● Successful outcome: The child learns independence (feeding, dressing, toileting) and gains confidence.

● Unsuccessful outcome: Overly critical or controlling caregivers cause feelings of shame and doubt.

Goal: Encourage independence while offering gentle guidance and patience.

3.Initiative vs. Guilt

Preschool: 3–6 years

● Crisis: Balancing curiosity with limits.

● Successful outcome: The child begins to take initiative, explore, and make decisions confidently.

● Unsuccessful outcome: Excessive criticism or restriction leads to guilt and hesitation to act.

Goal: Support creativity and allow safe exploration.

4.Industry vs. Inferiority

School Age: 6–12 years

● Crisis: Developing a sense of competence and pride.

● Successful outcome: The child feels capable through accomplishments at school, home, or activities.

● Unsuccessful outcome: Lack of recognition or support leads to feelings of inferiority.

Goal: Encourage achievement, cooperation, and self-confidence

5.Identity vs. Role Confusion

Adolescence: 12–18 years

● Crisis: Developing a clear sense of self and future goals.

● Successful outcome: The adolescent forms a strong personal identity and values.

● Unsuccessful outcome: Uncertainty about self or future leads to confusion and poor decision-making.

Goal: Support exploration of beliefs, identity, and life direction.

6.Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young Adult: 18–40 years

● Crisis: Forming loving, lasting relationships.

● Successful outcome: The person develops healthy, intimate bonds and commitment.

● Unsuccessful outcome: Fear of rejection or failure leads to isolation and loneliness.

Goal: Encourage emotional connection and mutual respect.

7.Generativity vs. Stagnation

Middle Adult: 40–65 years

● Crisis: Contributing to the next generation.

● Successful outcome: The adult feels productive and gives back through work, family, or community.

● Unsuccessful outcome: Self-centeredness or lack of purpose leads to stagnation.

Goal: Promote mentorship, leadership, and purpose in life.

8.Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Older Adult: 65+ years

● Crisis: Reflecting on life and finding peace.

● Successful outcome: The person feels fulfilled, accepting life’s journey with wisdom.

● Unsuccessful outcome: Regret or dissatisfaction leads to despair and hopelessness.

Goal: Encourage self-acceptance and sharing life experiences with others.