Pulmonology (肺病学) Disease/Anatomy/Devices

Here’s a structured list of common pulmonology (肺病学) diseases, including explanations, standard treatments (with Chinese translations), and word breakdowns.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) – 慢性阻塞性肺病

Explanation: A progressive lung disease that causes airflow obstruction, making breathing difficult. Commonly caused by smoking.
Standard Treatment (标准治疗):

• Smoking cessation (戒烟)

• Bronchodilators (支气管扩张剂)

• Corticosteroids (皮质类固醇)

• Oxygen therapy (氧疗)

• Pulmonary rehabilitation (肺康复)

Word Breakdown:

• Chronic (慢性) → Greek chronos (time)

• Obstructive (阻塞性) → Ob- (against) + -struct (build, block)

• Pulmonary (肺) → Latin pulmo (lung)

• Disease (疾病) → Dis- (apart) + -ease (comfort)

Asthma

2. Asthma – 哮喘

Explanation: A condition where the airways become inflamed, narrow, and produce extra mucus, making breathing difficult.
Standard Treatment (标准治疗):

• Inhaled corticosteroids (吸入性皮质类固醇)

• Short-acting beta-agonists //a·guh·nists/ (SABA) (短效β受体激动剂)

• Long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) (长效β受体激动剂)

• Leukotriene receptor antagonists (白三烯受体拮抗剂)

Word Breakdown:

• Asthma (哮喘) → Greek asthma (panting, breathless)

Pneumonia

3. Pneumonia – 肺炎

Explanation: An infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid or pus.
Standard Treatment (标准治疗):

• Antibiotics (抗生素) (for bacterial pneumonia)

• Antiviral medications (抗病毒药物) (for viral pneumonia)

• Oxygen therapy (氧疗)

• Supportive care (支持性治疗)

Word Breakdown:

• Pneumo- (肺, 气) → Greek pneumon (lung)

• -ia (疾病) → Greek -ia (condition)

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

4. Pulmonary Embolism (PE) – 肺栓塞

Explanation: A blockage in the pulmonary arteries caused by a blood clot, which can be life-threatening.
Standard Treatment (标准治疗):

• Anticoagulants (抗凝剂)

• Thrombolytics (溶栓药物)

• Surgery (手术) (for severe cases)

Word Breakdown:

• Pulmonary (肺) → Latin pulmo (lung)

• Embolism (栓塞) → Greek embolos (plug, stopper)

Tuberculosis (TB)

5. Tuberculosis (TB) – 结核病

Explanation: A contagious bacterial infection primarily affecting the lungs, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Standard Treatment (标准治疗):

• Combination antibiotic therapy (联合抗生素治疗)

  • Isoniazid (异烟肼)

  • Rifampin (利福平)

  • Ethambutol (乙胺丁醇)

  • Pyrazinamide (吡嗪酰胺)

Word Breakdown:

• Tubercle (结核) → Latin tuberculum (small swelling)

• -osis (病, 状况) → Greek -osis (condition)

Pulmonary Hypertension (PH)

6. Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) – 肺动脉高压

Explanation: High blood pressure in the arteries that supply the lungs, leads to heart strain.
Standard Treatment (标准治疗):

• Vasodilators (血管扩张剂)

• Anticoagulants (抗凝剂)

• Oxygen therapy (氧疗)

• Lung transplant (肺移植) (in severe cases)

Word Breakdown:

• Pulmonary (肺) → Latin pulmo (lung)

• Hyper- (高, 过度) → Greek hyper (above, excessive)

• Tension (压力) → Latin tendere (to stretch)

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

7. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) – 囊性纤维化

Explanation: A genetic disorder causing thick mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive system, leading to frequent lung infections.
Standard Treatment (标准治疗):

• Airway clearance therapy (气道清理治疗)

• Mucolytics (祛痰药)

• Enzyme replacement therapy (酶替代治疗)

• Lung transplant (肺移植) (in severe cases)

Word Breakdown:

• Cystic (囊性) → Cyst- (sac, fluid-filled)

• Fibrosis (纤维化) → Fibro- (fiber) + -osis (condition)

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

8. Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) – 呼吸窘迫综合征

Explanation: A condition in premature infants due to a lack of surfactant, causing difficulty in breathing.
Standard Treatment (标准治疗):

• Surfactant replacement therapy (表面活性剂替代治疗)

• Mechanical ventilation (机械通气)

• Oxygen therapy (氧疗)

Word Breakdown:

• Respiratory (呼吸) → Re- (again) + -spirare (to breathe)

• Distress (窘迫) → Latin distringere (to pull apart)

• Syndrome (综合征) → Greek syn (together) + dromos (running)

Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)

9. Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) – 间质性肺病

Explanation: A group of disorders causing scarring (fibrosis) of lung tissue, leading to breathing difficulties.
Standard Treatment (标准治疗):

• Corticosteroids (皮质类固醇)

• Immunosuppressants (免疫抑制剂)

• Oxygen therapy (氧疗)

• Lung transplant (肺移植)

Word Breakdown:

• Interstitial (间质性) → Inter- (between) + -stitium (tissue)

• Lung (肺)

• Disease (疾病)

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

10. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) – 急性呼吸窘迫综合征

Explanation: A severe lung condition caused by trauma, infection, or inflammation, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs.
Standard Treatment (标准治疗):

• Mechanical ventilation (机械通气)

• Oxygen therapy (氧疗)

• Fluid management (液体管理)

Word Breakdown:

• Acute (急性) → Latin acutus (sharp, severe)

• Respiratory (呼吸) → Re- (again) + -spirare (to breathe)

• Distress (窘迫) → Latin distringere (to pull apart)

Bronchitis

11. Bronchitis (支气管炎)

Explanation: Inflammation of the bronchi, usually caused by a viral infection or smoking.
Standard Treatment (标准治疗):

• Cough suppressants (镇咳药)

• Bronchodilators (支气管扩张剂)

• Hydration and rest (补充水分和休息)

Word Breakdown:

• Broncho- (支气管) → Greek bronchos (windpipe)

• -itis (炎症) → Greek -itis (inflammation)

Emphysema

12. Emphysema (肺气肿)

Explanation: A lung disease that causes destruction of alveoli, leading to difficulty exhaling.
Standard Treatment (标准治疗):

• Smoking cessation (戒烟)

• Oxygen therapy (氧疗)

• Bronchodilators (支气管扩张剂)

Word Breakdown:

• Em- (进入) → Greek en (in)

• -physema (气肿) → Greek physema (inflation, swelling)

Pleural Effusion

13. Pleural Effusion (胸腔积液)

Explanation: A buildup of excess fluid in the pleural space around the lungs.
Standard Treatment (标准治疗):

• Thoracentesis (胸腔穿刺术)

• Diuretics (利尿剂)

• Treating underlying cause (治疗原发病)

Word Breakdown:

• Pleural (胸膜) → Greek pleura (side, rib)

• Effusion (积液) → Latin effundere (to pour out)

Pneumothorax

14. Pneumothorax (气胸)

Explanation: A collapsed lung due to air entering the pleural space.
Standard Treatment (标准治疗):

• Chest tube placement (胸管置入)

• Oxygen therapy (氧疗)

• Surgery in severe cases (严重情况下手术治疗)

Word Breakdown:

• Pneumo- (肺, 气) → Greek pneumon (lung, air)

• -thorax (胸) → Greek thorax (chest)

Lung Cancer

15. Lung Cancer (肺癌)

Explanation: Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs, often caused by smoking.
Standard Treatment (标准治疗):

• Surgery (手术)

• Chemotherapy (化疗)

• Radiation therapy (放疗)

• Immunotherapy (免疫治疗)

Word Breakdown:

• Lung (肺)

• Cancer (癌) → Latin cancer (crab, tumor)

Sarcoidosis /saar·koy·dow·suh/

16. Sarcoidosis (结节病)

Explanation: A disease where abnormal inflammatory cells (granulomas) form in the lungs and other organs.
Standard Treatment (标准治疗):

• Corticosteroids (皮质类固醇)

• Immunosuppressants (免疫抑制剂)

• Oxygen therapy (氧疗)

Word Breakdown:

• Sarco- (肉) → Greek sarx (flesh)

• -oid (类似) → Greek -eidos (form, appearance)

• -osis (病) → Greek -osis (condition)

Occupational Lung Diseases

A. Silicosis

B. Asbestosis

17. Occupational Lung Diseases (职业性肺病)

A. Silicosis (硅肺)

• Caused by inhaling silica dust.

• Treatment: Preventive measures, oxygen therapy, symptom management.

B. Asbestosis (石棉肺)

• Caused by inhaling asbestos fibers.

• Treatment: Oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, lung transplant (in severe cases).

• Asbestos- (石棉) /uhs·beh·stuh/

Word Breakdown:

• Silic- (硅) → Latin silica (flint)

• Asbesto- (石棉) → Greek asbestos (inextinguishable)

• -osis (病) → Greek -osis (condition)

Hypoxemia / Hypercapnia

18. Hypoxemia (低氧血症) & Hypercapnia (高碳酸血症)

• Hypoxemia: Low oxygen in the blood.

  • Treatment: Oxygen therapy, treating underlying causes.

• Hypercapnia: Excess carbon dioxide in the blood.

  • Treatment: Ventilation support, respiratory therapy.

Word Breakdown:

• Hypo- (低) → Greek hypo (under, below)

• Hyper- (高) → Greek hyper (above, excessive)

• -emia (血症) → Greek haima (blood)

• -capnia (二氧化碳) → Greek kapnos (smoke, carbon dioxide)

Sleep Apnea

19. Sleep Apnea (睡眠呼吸暂停)

Explanation: A sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts.
Standard Treatment (标准治疗):

• CPAP therapy (持续气道正压通气治疗)

• Weight loss (减重)

• Surgery (手术)

Word Breakdown:

• Apnea (呼吸暂停) → Greek a- (without) + pnoia (breathing)

Influenza (Flu)

20. Influenza (Flu) – 流感

Explanation: A contagious viral respiratory infection.
Standard Treatment (标准治疗):

• Antiviral medications (抗病毒药物)

• Supportive care (支持性治疗)

Word Breakdown:

• Influenza (流感) → Italian influenza (influence, referring to early belief that it was caused by celestial influences)

Final Review: Pulmonology Disease Categories

✅ Obstructive Lung Diseases: COPD, asthma, emphysema
✅ Infectious Lung Diseases: Pneumonia, tuberculosis, influenza
✅ Vascular Lung Diseases: Pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension
✅ Restrictive Lung Diseases: Interstitial lung disease, sarcoidosis, pleural effusion
✅ Genetic Disorders: Cystic fibrosis
✅ Environmental & Occupational Diseases: Silicosis, asbestosis
✅ Respiratory Failure Conditions: Hypoxemia, hypercapnia, ARDS
✅ Sleep Disorders: Sleep apnea

Upper Respiratory Tract:

• Nose

• Nasal Cavity

• Sinuses

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Epiglottis

A. Upper Respiratory Tract (上呼吸道)

• Nose (鼻) & Nasal Cavity (鼻腔) → Filters, warms, and humidifies air.

• Sinuses (鼻窦) → Air-filled spaces that reduce skull weight and enhance voice resonance.

• Pharynx (咽) → Passageway for air and food.

• Larynx (喉) → Houses the vocal cords and prevents food from entering the airway.

  • Epiglottis (会厌) → A flap that covers the trachea when swallowing.

💡 Mnemonic: "Nose → Sinus → Pharynx → Larynx" (Air travels in this order).

Lower Respiratory Tract:

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Bronchioles

• Alveoli

B. Lower Respiratory Tract (下呼吸道)

• Trachea (气管) → Windpipe that conducts air to the lungs.

• Bronchi (支气管) → Two main branches (left and right) that direct air into the lungs.

• Bronchioles (细支气管) → Smaller airways that branch from bronchi.

• Alveoli (肺泡) → Tiny sacs where gas exchange occurs.

💡 Mnemonic: "Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli" (Airflow sequence).

Lungs:

• Right Lung (3 Lobes)

• Left Lung (2 Lobes)

• Pleura

  • Parietal Pleura

  • Visceral Pleura

C. Lungs (肺)

• Right Lung (右肺) → Has three lobes (上叶, 中叶, 下叶).

• Left Lung (左肺) → Has two lobes (上叶, 下叶) and is smaller due to the heart's position.

• Pleura (胸膜) → A double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs.

  • Parietal Pleura (壁层胸膜) → Lines the chest wall.

  • Visceral Pleura (脏层胸膜) → Covers the lungs.

💡 Mnemonic: "Right = 3, Left = 2" (Right lung has 3 lobes, Left has 2 lobes).

Muscles Involved in Breathing:

• Diaphragm

• Intercostal Muscles

A. Muscles Involved in Breathing

• Diaphragm (膈肌) → Main muscle of respiration, contracts during inhalation.

• Intercostal Muscles (肋间肌) → Help expand and contract the rib cage.

💡 Mnemonic: "D-I" (Diaphragm = Inhale)

GAS EXCHANGE & CIRCULATION (气体交换与循环)

3. GAS EXCHANGE & CIRCULATION (气体交换与循环)

Oxygen (O₂) enters the blood, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) is removed.

A. Pathway of Oxygen (O₂)

1. Nose/Mouth → Trachea → Bronchi → Alveoli

2. Oxygen enters alveoli and diffuses into capillaries.

3. Red blood cells transport O₂ to tissues.

B. Pathway of Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

1. CO₂ from tissues enters red blood cells.

2. CO₂ travels to alveoli via the bloodstream.

3. Exhaled through bronchi, trachea, and nose/mouth.

💡 Mnemonic: "O₂ In, CO₂ Out"

COMMON RESPIRATORY DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

• Spirometry

• Chest X-ray

• CT Scan

• Pulse Oximetry

• Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Test

5. COMMON RESPIRATORY DIAGNOSTIC TESTS (常见肺部检查)

1. Spirometry (肺活量测定) → Measures lung function and airflow.

2. Chest X-ray (胸部X光) → Detects infections, lung diseases, and tumors.

3. CT Scan (计算机断层扫描) → Provides detailed images of the lungs.

4. Pulse Oximetry (脉搏血氧测定) → Measures blood oxygen levels.

5. Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Test (动脉血气分析) → Measures O₂, CO₂, and blood pH levels.

💡 Mnemonic: "S-C-C-P-A" (Spirometry, Chest X-ray, CT, Pulse Oximetry, ABG).

1. Oxygen Therapy Devices

• Nasal Cannula

• Oxygen Mask

• Venturi Mask

• Non-Rebreather Mask (NRM)

• Oxygen Concentrator

• Portable Oxygen Cylinder

1. Oxygen Therapy Devices (氧疗设备)

Used to provide supplemental oxygen to patients with low blood oxygen levels.

• Nasal Cannula (鼻导管) – A lightweight tube with two prongs placed in the nostrils.

• Oxygen Mask (氧气面罩) – Covers the nose and mouth for higher oxygen delivery.

• Venturi Mask (文丘里面罩) – Provides precise oxygen concentration.

• Non-Rebreather Mask (NRM) (非重吸氧气面罩) – Delivers high concentrations of oxygen.

• Oxygen Concentrator (制氧机) – Extracts oxygen from the air for home use.

• Portable Oxygen Cylinder (便携式氧气瓶) – A small, refillable oxygen tank for mobile use.

💡 Used for: COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, hypoxia.

2. Mechanical Ventilation Devices

• Ventilator

• Bag-Valve Mask (BVM) / Ambu Bag

• Endotracheal Tube (ETT)

• Tracheostomy Tube

• CPAP Machine

• BiPAP Machine

2. Mechanical Ventilation Devices (机械通气设备)

Used to assist or replace spontaneous breathing in critically ill patients.

• Ventilator (呼吸机) – Delivers controlled breaths to patients.

• Bag-Valve Mask (BVM) / Ambu Bag (手动复苏器) – A hand-held device for emergency ventilation.

• Endotracheal Tube (ETT) (气管插管) – A tube inserted into the trachea for mechanical ventilation.

• Tracheostomy Tube (气管切开管) – A tube inserted through a surgically made opening in the trachea.

• CPAP Machine (持续气道正压通气机) – Provides continuous positive airway pressure, used for sleep apnea.

• BiPAP Machine (双水平气道正压通气机) – Provides two pressure levels for inhalation and exhalation.

💡 Used for: ARDS, respiratory failure, sleep apnea.

3. Airway Management Devices

• Oropharyngeal Airway (OPA)

• Nasopharyngeal Airway (NPA)

• Suction Machine

3. Airway Management Devices (气道管理设备)

Used to keep the airway open and clear for breathing.

• Oropharyngeal Airway (OPA) (口咽通气道) – A rigid tube to prevent airway obstruction by the tongue.

• Nasopharyngeal Airway (NPA) (鼻咽通气道) – A soft tube inserted through the nose to maintain an open airway.

• Suction Machine (吸痰器) – Removes mucus and secretions from the airway.

💡 Used for: Emergency airway management, unconscious patients.

4. Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT) Devices

• Spirometer

• Peak Flow Meter

• Pulse Oximeter

• Capnograph

4. Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT) Devices (肺功能检测设备)

Used to measure lung function and diagnose respiratory diseases.

• Spirometer (肺活量计) – Measures lung capacity and airflow.

• Peak Flow Meter (峰流速计) – Measures the force of exhalation, used for asthma monitoring.

• Pulse Oximeter (脉搏血氧计) – Clips onto the finger to measure oxygen saturation (SpO₂).

• Capnograph (二氧化碳监测仪) – Measures exhaled CO₂ levels.

💡 Used for: Asthma, COPD, lung disease assessment.

5. Imaging & Diagnostic Tools

• Chest X-ray (CXR)

• Computed Tomography (CT) Scan

• Bronchoscope

• Lung Ultrasound

5. Imaging & Diagnostic Tools (影像及诊断设备)

Used to detect lung diseases and assess lung structure.

• Chest X-ray (CXR) (胸部X光) – Basic imaging for pneumonia, lung cancer, and TB.

• Computed Tomography (CT) Scan (CT扫描) – Provides detailed lung images.

• Bronchoscope (支气管镜) – A flexible tube inserted into the airways for examination or biopsy.

• Lung Ultrasound (肺部超声波) – Used to detect pleural effusion and lung abnormalities.

💡 Used for: Lung infections, tumors, pulmonary fibrosis.

6. Nebulizer & Medication Delivery Devices

• Nebulizer

• Metered-Dose Inhaler (MDI)

• Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI)

• Spacer

6. Nebulizer & Medication Delivery Devices (雾化及药物输送设备)

Used to deliver medication directly into the lungs.

• Nebulizer (雾化器) – Converts liquid medication into mist for inhalation.

• Metered-Dose Inhaler (MDI) (定量吸入器) – A handheld device that delivers a specific dose of medication.

• Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) (干粉吸入器) – A breath-activated device delivering dry powdered medication.

• Spacer (储雾罐) – A chamber that holds aerosolized medicine, improving delivery to the lungs.

💡 Used for: Asthma, COPD, bronchitis.

7. Respiratory Monitoring Devices

• Respiratory Rate Monitor

• Apnea Monitor

• Tidal Volume Monitor

7. Respiratory Monitoring Devices (呼吸监测设备)

Used to track and monitor breathing patterns and lung function.

• Respiratory Rate Monitor (呼吸速率监测仪) – Measures the number of breaths per minute.

• Apnea Monitor (呼吸暂停监测仪) – Detects pauses in breathing, used for sleep apnea.

• Tidal Volume Monitor (潮气量监测仪) – Measures the volume of air inhaled and exhaled.

💡 Used for: Sleep apnea, chronic respiratory conditions.