Pyschology

Cunterconditioning

replacing a CR with another opposite response

Systematic Therapy

pairing an undesirable behavior, such as smoking, with a unpleasant stimulus

Systematic Desensitization

pairing a stimulus you have a phobia of with relaxation rather than fear

Reinforcement

consequences which increases the frequency of behavior

Punishment

consequences which decreases the frequency of behavior

Primary Reinforcers

reinforcers which are biologically important

Secondary Reinforcers

reinforcers which we have learned to value

Continuous Reinforcement

reinforcement occurs every time a behavior occurs

Fixed Ratio Schedule

reinforcement after a set numbers

Variable Ratio Schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Fixed Interval Schedules

can only occur once and then a set amount of the time must pass

Variable Internal Schedule

can occur after a variable amount of time

Habituation

reduction of reactions to an unchanging stimulus

Sensitization

increased sensitivity to stimuli after a particular strong stimulus

Nonassociative Learning

changes in the magnitude of responses to stimuli

Observational Learning

when an individual learns through observation of someone else

Culture includes any kind of socially transmitted information that is used by a group of people

Short-Term Memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

Long-Term Memory

a type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years

Semantic Memory

general knowledge in terms of learning and facts

Episodic Memory

memory for one's personal past experiences

Autobiographical Memories

memories of one's own experiences, including one's thoughts and emotions

Procedural Memories

how to carry out motor skills and procedures

Priming

change in response to a stimulus due to a previous exposure to the same or similar stimuli

Phonological loop

verbal and auditory information

Visuospatial sketch pad

visual and spatial information

Central executive

directs attention to specific tasks

Episodic buffer

combines working memory with information from long term memory

Decay

rarely used memories forgotten over time

Interference

competition between old and new memories

Proactive interfernece

old memories interfere with new memories

Retroactive interference

new memories interfere with old memories

Motivated forgetting

failure to retrieve negative memories

Hippocampus

helps to move semantic and location information into long term memory

Cerebral Coretex

outer layer of cerebrum where most neurons are found; responsible for reasoning, intellect, motor commands, and sensory interpretation

Basal Ganglia

Part of the motor system associated with procedural cortex

Inciting Incident

the event that causes amnesia

Retrograde Amnesia

unable to retrieve memories that were created before the inciting incident

Anterograde Amnesia

unable to form memories of events that occur after the altering event

Self Selection

individuals gravitate towards people and activities that match their personality and interests

Schema

expectations about objects or situations that we use to organize information

Assimilation

adding a new item to a schema without having to change the schema

Accommodation

the addition of a new item that doesn't fit in the current schema

The active child

the child influenced their own environment during development

An easygoing baby

elicit very different reactions from their parents then a moody baby

Self selection

individuals gravitate towards people and activities that towards maintain their personality and interests

Epigenetic effects

can result in changes in the genotype

Schema

expectations about objects or situations that we use to organize information

Assimilation

adding a new item to a schema without having to change the schema itself

Accommodation

the addition of a new item that doesn't fit in the current schema

Egocentrism

difficulty with understanding someone else's pov

Information processing theory

describe how children's reasoning change over time

Native Thories

very young children understand more about how the world works then Piget believed

Ectroversion

positive emotional responses, high activity and willingness to be social

Negative effect

negative emotional responses especially fear or anger in response to stimuli, shyness

Effortful control

pay attention to a task for an extended period of time

Sex

biological properties that determine whether someone is male or female

Gender

social and cultural beliefs/expectations regarding masculinity and femininity what it means to be a man or women

Gender identity

a person's deeply held personal sense of being a boy or girl

Sexual Orientation

the direction of an individual's sexual in terms of gender

Psychodynamic Theory

mental energy or libido moves in a closed system

Id

primitive drives and the pleasure principle

Superego

the conscience or the part that internalizes rules and morality

Projection

attributing unacceptable feeling to someone else

Repression

blocking traumatic thoughts or memories from entering consciousness

Sublimation

channeling unacceptable urges into a productive activity

Reaction formation

expressing the opposite of how you truly feel

Locus of control

whether you feel that you that you are the driving force in you life

If-then relationships

look at responses to different situations rather than simple traits

Reciprocal determination

both the person and the environment affect each other

Self efficacy

confidence in your own ability to achieve specific outcomes

Industrial Psychology

increase profitability, safety, efficiency etc, everything work better in the workplace

Organizational Psychology

human relations, increase satisfaction among workers, best for leadership and management, increase working relations

Performance Appraisal

evaluations of employees and how they handle the responsibilities they've been given

Japanese Style

focus on considerations for the future, innovation, and high quality employees involved in decision making

Theory X

mindset that employees do not want to work. Tight control, high demand, focus on punishment

Theory Y

mindset that employees want to do a good job and work hard. Challenging employees and allowing them to experiment in problem solving

Strengths Based

focus on the strengths that employees already posses and match them to the best position for them rather than building on their skillset

Dispositional Attributions

due to person characteristics

Situational Attributions

due to an environmental factor

Correspondence Bias

tendency to assign dispositional attributions over situational attributions

Fundamental Attributions error

failure to even consider situational factors

Actor Observer Bias

disposition for others situations for the self

Self Serving Bias

for successes, dispositional attribution for failure situational attributions

Just World Belief

good things happen to good people

Cognitive Dissonance

when behaviors and attitude don't line up

Cognitive Consistency

the need for expectation and beliefs

Central Route

the quality of the argument itself

Peripheral Route

anything outside of the actual argument

Depressed Mood

sad, empty, or lack of any emotion

Anhedonia

lack of pleasure in enjoyabl activities

Learned Helplessness

consequences of behavior appear random

Rumination

repetitive thoughts about depression

• genes affecting serotonin activity and serotonin itself

• circadian rhythm disruption

severe stress

Diathesis-Stress Model

stress and biological vulnerability interact to produce outcomes

Positive Symptoms

thoughts or behaviors not seen in healthy individuals but are in those with schizophrenia

Negative Symptoms

thoughts or behaviors usually seen in healthy individuals but may be present in those with schizophrenia

Catatonia

staying in unusual or uncomfortable positions for extended periods of time