Consequences of Industrialization

Flashcards covering Nationalism, Social Darwinism, Civilizing Mission, Leopold II, Berlin Conference, Boer Wars, and Settler Colonies.

Nationalism

Belief in the greatness of one's nation due to shared language, religion, or social customs, contributing to imperial expansion.

Social Darwinism

Application of 'survival of the fittest' to humans, used as 'scientific racism' to justify European imperialism over 'unfit' non-western societies.

Civilizing Mission

The idea that imperial nations had a duty to develop conquered peoples, including converting them to Christianity and Western education.

King Leopold II

The Belgian king who privately controlled the Congo, whose brutal exploitation of resources led the Belgian government to take control.

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

Conference called by Otto von Bismarck where European states divided Africa into colonial holdings without African input.

Boer Wars

Wars in South Africa where the British fought the Dutch (Boers) and consolidated power, driving both Dutch Afrikaners and indigenous South Africans into refugee camps.

Settler Colonies

Colonies where imperial powers, such as the British in Australia and New Zealand, sent massive waves of settlers, leading to displacement and disease among indigenous populations.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the United States had a right to expand westward, leading to the conquest of neighboring territory and the displacement of indigenous populations.

Economic Imperialism

Control over another state by economic means, giving Europe and the US an advantage in Asia and Latin America.

Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and China that resulted in the Treaty of Nanjing and increased European economic advantage in China.

Spheres of Influence

Areas in China carved up and controlled by various Western powers, Japan, and Russia due to internal rebellions and wars.

United Fruit Company

An American company that practiced economic imperialism in Latin America by building infrastructure in exchange for control of land for banana production.

Export Economy

An economy arranged around the export of commodities, specializing in commercial extraction of natural resources.

Migration (Industrial Age)

Increase in both internal and external migration enhanced by railroads and steamships, leading to urbanization.

Indentured Servitude

A form of semi-coerced labor used by the British, employing Indian and Chinese workers under contracts they often could not read, with long hours and terrible conditions.

Convict Labor

A form of semi-coerced labor where the British and French sent convicts to penal colonies to perform hard labor on imperial projects.

Ethnic Enclaves

Neighborhoods where migrants who migrated together and practiced the same religion gathered, such as Chinatown or Little Italy.

Nativism

Prejudice of native-born people against new minority populations, rooted in ethnic or racial prejudice; led to laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act and White Australia Policy.

Yaa Asantewaa War

War in West Africa where the Asante Kingdom, led by Queen Yaa Asantewaa, fought back against British intrusion.

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

Movement in South Africa inspired by a belief that slaughtering cattle would drive away imperial invaders, but instead led to starvation and British control.