1 - Introduction to Toxicology

b. Experimental evidence

1. Poisoning Evidence that is based on administering the poison to the living animals

   a. Chemical evidence

   b. Experimental evidence

   c. Symptomatic evidence

   d. Post-Mortem Evidence

c. cumulative toxicity

2. Repeated exposure to low doses of heavy metals results to

   a. Immediate toxicity

   b. acute toxicity

   c. cumulative toxicity

   d. NOTA

a. Hemolytic anemia

3. A person w/ G6PD deficiency would likely suffer from __ after primaquine use

   a. Hemolytic anemia

   b. Aplastic anemia

   c. Megaloblastic anemia

   d. Microcytic anemia

a. cyanide poisoning

4. Bitter almond breath odor

   a. cyanide poisoning

   b. carbon monoxide poisoning

   c. nicotine poisoning

   d. Hydrogen sulfide poisoining

FALSE

higher dose = greater intensity of toxic effects

TRUE OR FALSE

5. Taking potent drugs at High doses decrease the intensity of poisoning effects

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A person w/ G6PD deficiency has an impaired __

Toxicology

• Related to the toxicity associated to the exposure of the agent.

• Study of poison

Xenobiotics

exogenous compounds

Poisoning

• Taking a substance that is injurious to heath or can cause death

• The action of administering poison to a person or animal

Overdose

Taking more than the recommended  amount (dose) of drug

Toxicosis

refers to the disease condition, caused by the poisoning

Intoxication

state of being intoxication

Toxicity

• The degree of a substance to which it can damage an organism

• The degree of being poisonous

• Acute Exposure

• Repeated Exposure

Types of Toxicity based on Freq and Duration of Exposure

Acute Exposure

exposure to a chemical for less than or equal to 1 day

Subacute Exposure

exposure to a chemical for less than or equal to 1 month

Sub-chronic Exposure

exposure to a chemical for less than or equal to 1-3 months

Chronic Exposure

exposure to a chemical for greater than to 3 months

Acute Exposure

Ratio: Acute exposure has an immediate effect, life threatening

which is more dangerous?

acute exposure or chronic exposure

• Transient Toxicity

• Persistent Toxicity

• Immediate Toxicity

• Delayed Toxicity

• Cumulative Toxicity

Types of Toxicity based on Time of Development & Duration of Induced Effects

Transient Toxicity

• reversible or Temporary Toxicity

• Toxicity remains for a short period of time

• Ex. Formaldehyde

Respiratory Irritation

Symptoms for formaldehyde ingestion

Persistent Toxicity

• irreversible or Permanent Toxicity | dangerous

• Toxicity persists throughout the lifespan

• Ex. Silica Dust

Silicosis

Silica Dust can cause:

Immediate Toxicity

• life threatening

• Toxicity that develops shortly after a single exposure to a toxicant

• Ex. Cyanide

Delayed Toxicity

• Toxicity or harmful effect which has delayed onset of action

• Ex. Organophosphates

Peripheral Neuropathy

Organophosphates can cause

Cumulative Toxicity

• Progressive toxicity produced by sumnation of incremental injury resulting from successive exposures

• Ex. Heavy metals & Pesticide (low dose)

• Accidental

• Suicidal

• Homicidal

• Undetermined

Types of Toxicity based on Legal Viewpoint

Accidental

Types of Toxicity that is unintentional

Suicidal

“self-kill”

Homicidal

Types of Toxicity that kills others

Undetermined

Types of Toxicity that is hazy

Toxic Effects

undesirable effects which result from the normal pharmacological actions of drugs

• Local Effects

• Remote Effects

• Combined Effects

3 Toxic Effects:

Local Effect

• Toxic effect that effects at site of application or site of contact

• Ex. HCl

Necrosis

HCl toxicity can cause:

Remote Effect

• Toxic effect that effects other than the site of contact

• Ex. Atropine

Combined Effect

• Toxic effect that effects both local and systemic effect

• Ex. Cantharidine

↑toxic effects

↑ concentration/ dose/ amount = ___ toxic effects

Gas

Which of the following forms can cause toxic effects?

Solid, Liquid, Gas

Addition

• 1 +1 = 2

• can cause toxicity

Potentiation

• 0 + 1 =2

• can cause toxicity

Synergism

• 1 + 1 = 3 | !!!

• Highly toxic effect

Antagonism

1+1 = 0

Intravenous

__route can cause highly toxic effect

↑BSA

__ BSA = tolerance to poisoning

↓BSA

__ BSA = life threatening

↑survival

Adult (20-40) = ___ survival

↓survival

Geriatric= ___ survival

↓survival

Pediatric= ___ survival

anticholinergic symptoms

Atropine ingestion in human can cause

can survive due to atropinase enzyme

Atropine ingestion in rabbit can cause

Normal

Persin ingestion in human can cause

highly cardiotoxic

Persin ingestion in rabbit can cause

Tolerance

• adaptation to the effects of the agents after repeated use

• Ex. Coffee

Circumstantial

• indirect evidence

• Deduced from various events or facts

• NOT A STRONG EVIDENCE

• Circumstantial

• Post – Mortem

• Experimental

• Chemical

EVIDENCES OF POISONING

Post – Mortem

Gathered after an autopsy is performed

Experimental

Administrating the suspected substance to some living animals and noting the effects of the symptoms

Chemical

Detection of suspected substance via analysis of samples of body fluids collected

Beilsten Test

test for the detection of Halogen (Cl) toxicity:

Green

presence of Halogen (Cl) gives __ color in the flame

Brown-Ring Test

test for the detection of Nitrite and Nitrate toxicity:

Marsh Test

test for the detection of Arsenic toxicity:

Yellow Precipitate

presence of Arsenic gives __ color in the flame

Modified Duquenois Test

test for the detection of Marijuana:

Purple, Violet

presence of Marijuana gives __ color in the flame

Marquis Test

test for the detection of Opium:

Purple, Violet

presence of Opium gives __ color in the flame

Symptomatic

Poisoning effects are observed

Cherry Red

Color of blood for Cyanide Poisoning

Chocolate Blood

Color of blood for Nitrites, Nitro, Aniline

Garlic Odor

Breath Odor for P, As, Melathione Poisoning

Bitter Almond

Breath Odor for Cyanide Poisoning

Rotten Egg

Breath Odor for H2S Poisoning

White

Skin Discoloration for Phenol Poisoning

Cherry Red

Skin Discoloration for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Boiled Lobster

Skin Discoloration for Boric Acid Poisoning

Ground Coffee

Type of vomitus for H2SO4 Poisoning

Luminous

Type of vomitus for P, As Poisoning

Black

Stool appearance for Fe, Bi, Pb, Ag poisoning

Yellow Brown

Urine color for Senna, Aloe poisoning

Dark yellow

Urine color for Picrine acid poisoning

Red brown

Urine color for Caffeine, Benzene poisoning

Red-Orange

Urine color for Rifampin poisoning

Blue-Line

Gum discoloration for Pb poisoning

Black Line

Gum discoloration for As poisoning

Blood Shot Eyes

Visual changes for Marijuana poisoning

Pinpoint Pupil

Visual changes for Morphine poisoning

Blindness

Visual changes for Formic acid, methanol poisoning

Blurred Vision

Visual changes for anticholinergic poisoning