(INORGANIC CHEMISTRY MODULE) Deficiencies and Toxicities - ANTIDOTES - Important Alloys - Radiopharmaceuticals

Tremors

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Hyperthyroidism

Ebstein's Anomaly

Symptoms of Lithium Toxicity (4)

Ebstein's Anomaly

This disease occurs in pregnant women that are experiencing Lithium toxicity

Hypernatremia = Fluid retention

What happens when there is too much Sodium in the body

Severe burns, diarrhea

Common causes of hypokalemia

Muscle paralysis

What happens in hypokalemia

Cardiac arrest (muscle contraction)

What happens in hyperkalemia

KCl

This compound is used in mercy killing

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)

MOA: Cation exchange resin

Antidote for potassium toxicity and its MOA

Wilson's disease

Occurs when there is too much Copper in the body

Having bronze like skin

Wilson's disease is characterized as _________________

Pencillamine (Cuprimine)

Antidote for Copper toxicity

Argyria (Darkened skin)

What occurs in Silver toxicity

NACl (NSS) -> AgCl

Antidote for Silver

Au (gold)

Element used as DMARD

Glossitis and Dermatitis

What occurs in gold toxicity

BAL

Antidote for Gold toxicity

Bone mineralization

Bowed Legs (Rickets = Children | Osteomalacia = Adults)

Osteoporosis

Muscle Spasms (Tetanus, and seizure)

What is affected when Calcium is too low (4)

Consitpation

What occurs when calcium is too much

EDTA - > Ca EDTA

Antidote for Calcium toxicity

Baritosis

Occurs when there is too much Barium in the body

Benign pneumoconiosis

Other name for baritosis

MgSO4 -> BaSO4

Antidote for Barium

Parakeratosis and Impaired Immunity

Occurs when there is deficiency in Zinc (2)

Metal Fume Fever

Occurs when there is toxicity in Zn due to inhalation

NaHCO3

Antidote for Zn toxicity

Itai-Itai disease, defects in bone mineralization

Occurs during Cd toxicity

Calcium disodium EDTA

Antidote for Cd toxicity after immediate exposure

None, only palliative care

Antidote for long term Cd toxicity

Mercury

A neurotoxic element which causes Minemata disease

Minemata's Disease

Pink Disease

Acrodymia (Children)

Mad Hatters/Erythism (Adults)

What occurs when there is toxicity in mercury (4)

Boiled lobster appearance

What occurs when there is toxicity due to Boric Acid through oral/dermal absorption

Constipation

Alzheimer's

Shaver's Disease

Bauxite Pneumoconiosis

What happens when there is Al toxicity (4)

Silicosis

This is a TB-like disease that occurs after exposure to Silicon/SiO2 that results to hemoptysis and lung irritation

Alumina (Absorbent)

Antidote for Silicon toxicity

Plumbism/Saturnism

What occurs in lead toxicity

Wrist/foot drop

Main characteristic of plumbism/saturnism

Ca EDTA or Ca Versenate

Antidote for Lead toxicity

Zirconium (Zr)

This element is banned as it can cause Granuloma in skins and lungs

Phosphorus P

This element is a general protoplasmic poison

Garlic Breath, Luminous Vomitous

Hallmark of Acute Phosphorus toxicity (2)

Bony Necrosis (Esp. in the mandible)

Hallmark of Chronic Phosphorus toxicity (1)

Cupric sulfate or Ceric sulfate

Antidote for Phosphorous toxicity

Arsenic

AKA lewisite metal

Aldrich mee's lines

Hallmark of acute As toxicity

Arsenicosis and Cancer

Hallmark of chronic As toxicity

BAL/Dimercaprol

Antidote for As toxicity

Black Stools (Bismuth trisulfide) and black gums

What occurs in Bi toxicity

BAL

Antidote for Bi toxicity

Green tongue

What occurs in Vanadium toxicity

Hypersensitivity (Angioedema, Bronchospasms, and anaphylaxis)

What occurs in Sulfur (Sulfites/SO2) toxicity

Keshan Disease (Congestive cardiomyopathy)

What occurs when there is deficiency of Se

Contact dermatitis

What occurs in Se toxicity

Hyperglycemia (DM-like symptoms)

What occurs when there is Cr deficiency

Dental (enamel rotting) and Skeletal Fluorosis

What occurs when there is Fluorine toxicity

Slow healing of burns

What occurs when there is Fluorine toxicity particularly in Hydrogen fluoride

Calcium gluconate -> CaF

What is the antidote for Fluorine toxicity

Br

This element has a depressant property

Bromism

What occurs in Br toxicty

Psychosis, Skin eruption, Head aches, Weakness

Hallmarks of Bromism

NaCl or NH4Cl -> NaBr or NH4Br

Antidote for Br toxicity

Simple/Colloid goiter

What occurs in Iodine deficiency

Can cause Cretinism leading to congenital hypothyrodism

What occurs in Iodine deficiency in pregnant women

Iodism

What occurs in acute Iodine toxicity

hypothyroidism due to negative feedback

What occurs in chronic Iodine toxicity

Starch Sol'n or NaCl or Na Thiosulfate

This forms a starch-iodo complex which is dark blue

Antidote for Iodine toxicity

Parkinson's like tremors

What occurs in Mn toxicity

Donald duck sound

What occurs in He toxicity

GI irritation (results to black stools)

Hemochromatosis

Cardiac Collapse

What occurs in Iron toxicity (3)

Desferrioxamine

Antidote for Fe toxicity

Megaloblastic anemia / Marcocytic anemia

What occurs in Co deficiency

Vit B12 (Hydroxocobalamin, and Cyanocobalamin)

Antidote for Co deficiency

Nickel Itch (contact Dermatitis)

Occurs in Ni toxicity

Activated Charcoal

Tannic Acid

MgO

Composition of the Universal antidote

Activated Charcoal - Adsorbent

Tannic Acid - Poison Converter

MgO - Catalyst

The uses of each composition of the universal antidote

Weak acids and weak bases

Indication for the universal antidote

Kerosene and Cyanide poisoning

Contraindication for the universal antidote

2:1:1

Activated Charcoal : Tannic Acid : MgO

Dissolved in 1 glass of water

Ratio of each composition of the universal antidote

Activated Charcoal

This antidote is obtained through the destructive distillation of various organic materials

Fine Form

The official USP of an Activated Charcoal

Adsorbent

Anti diarrheal

Uses for Activated charcoal aside from it being an antidote

Disodium EDTA or Edetate disodium

This antidotes is a Ag proteinate stabilizer

Disodium EDTA or Edetate disodium

This antidote is used for emergency in Hypercalcemia in IV form

Rapid hypocalcemia

The side effect of using Disodium EDTA or Edetate disodium

Calcium disodium edetate or Edetate calcium

This antidotes is used for heavy metal poisoning esp lead

Calcium disodium edetate or Edetate calcium

The advantage of using this antidote is that it does not cause hypocalcemia

Amyl Nitrite - Sodium Nitrite - Sodium Thiosulfate

The composition of the Cyanide Antidote Kit

NaHCO3

Given as a supplemental antidote in Cyanide poisoning with metabolic acidosis

Hyperbaric O2

Given as a supplemental antidote in Cyanide poisoning with hypoxia/asphyxia

Hyperbaric O2

This is prepared by fractional distillation of liquid air

Methylene Blue

Hydroxocobalamine (Vit. B12)

Other agents used for CN poisoning (2)

Tc99m phytate

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

Liver Imaging for potency studies

Tc99m IDA (Imino diacetic acid)

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

Hepatobiliary studies

Au198

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

Liver scanning

I131 NaI Rose Bengal

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

Tracer of liver function

Na iodohippurate

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

Dx of liver function

Tc99m heptagluconate

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

Kidney imaging for Renal function determination

Hg197 chlormerodrin

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

Kidney and brain scintillation scanning

Tc99m sestamibi/ methoxy isobutyl isonitrile

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

Myocardial perfusion agent

I131 NaI

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

Cardiac output determination - blood plasma vol.

Tc99m pertechnetate

This radiopharmaceutical is used for:

thyroid scanning