AP Chemistry Study Guide

These flashcards cover essential concepts from the AP Chemistry study guide, including atomic structure, intermolecular forces, thermodynamics, and gas laws.

What are the three subatomic particles that make up an atom?

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

What is the trend of ionization energy across a period and down a group?

Ionization energy increases across a period and decreases down a group.

What does Coulomb's Law state regarding attraction?

Attraction is proportional to charge divided by the square of the distance.

What are the four types of chemical reactions?

Synthesis, decomposition, single/double replacement, combustion.

What is the net ionic equation for AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq)?

AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) → AgCl (s).

How is stoichiometry calculated in terms of moles?

Moles = mass / molar mass.

What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions?

Endothermic absorbs heat (ΔH > 0), while exothermic releases heat (ΔH < 0).

What is Hess's Law?

ΔH(total) = ΣΔH(steps), meaning the total enthalpy change equals the sum of changes in steps.

What is the formula for Gibbs Free Energy?

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS.

What is Boyle's Law?

P1V1 = P2V2, indicating that pressure increases as volume decreases.

What is Charles's Law?

V1/T1 = V2/T2, indicating the relationship between volume and temperature.

What does Avogadro's Law state?

V/n = k, meaning volume and number of moles are directly proportional.

What is the Ideal Gas Law equation?

PV = nRT, where R = 0.0821 L-atm/(mol·K).

What does Dalton's Law describe?

P(total) = P(individual), the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures.

What does Graham's Law describe regarding effusion rates?

r1/r2 = √(M2/M1), relating the rates of effusion to their molar masses.