APUSH MIDTERM

chapters 1-22 American Pagent.

Maya

A civilization that developed in Mesoamerica known for its advanced writing, architecture, and astronomical systems.

Inca

An ancient civilization located in the Andes Mountains known for its extensive road systems and architectural achievements.

Aztec

A Mesoamerican civilization known for its complex society, military prowess, and construction of the city of Tenochtitlan.

Algonquian

A group of Native American languages spoken by tribes including the Powhatan and Delaware.

Iroquoian

A family of Native American languages spoken by tribes such as the Iroquois Confederacy.

Siouan

A family of Native American languages spoken by tribes across the Great Plains and parts of the southeastern U.S.

Virtual representation

The British justification for taxing the colonies, arguing that parliament members represented all British subjects.

Actual representation

The American colonists' demand to have delegates elected by the colonies themselves in legislative decisions.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that emphasizes the role of the state in managing the economy and accumulating wealth through trade.

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion in 1676 by Virginia colonists against colonial governor William Berkeley, leading to increased tensions over land and resources.

Boston Massacre

An incident in 1770 in which British soldiers killed five colonists, escalating tensions leading up to the American Revolution.

Treaty of Paris 1783

The treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized American independence.

Marbury v. Madison

A landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States.

Nullification

The theory that states have the right to invalidate any federal law that they deem unconstitutional.

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century belief that the expansion of the U.S. across the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A landmark Supreme Court decision in 1896 that upheld racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

13th Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution that abolished slavery in the United States.

Emancipation Proclamation

A presidential proclamation issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 that declared the freedom of all slaves in Confederate-held territory.

Maya

An ancient civilization that thrived in Mesoamerica, known for its hieroglyphic script, art, architecture, and astronomical systems.

Inca

An ancient civilization in South America, known for its vast empire, advanced engineering, and agricultural practices.

Aztec

A Mesoamerican civilization known for its large capital city of Tenochtitlan, agriculture, and rich mythology.

Inuit

A group of culturally similar indigenous peoples who inhabited the Arctic regions of Canada, Greenland, and Alaska.

SW

Refers to the Southwestern United States, known for its desert landscapes and indigenous cultures, including Pueblo and Navajo.

Plains

The interior region of North America characterized by vast grasslands, historically inhabited by nomadic tribes such as the Sioux hunted buffalo cliffs and had tipis

E. Woodland

Refers to the Eastern Woodlands region of North America, home to several tribes known for agriculture and forest-based resources.

Tidewater

A geographical region along the east coast of the U.S. characterized by low-lying coastal plains and estuaries. home to algonquian tribes pushed way from desirable places by other more powerful tribes. POWHATTAN

Eastern coastal plain

The flat, low-lying area of land along the Atlantic Ocean's coast, extending from the Northeast to the Southeast. inhabited by member s of the iroqui langauge group tuscarora

Piedmont

An area of land lying along the foot of a mountain range, characterized by rolling hills. home t siuan groups like the chera

Mountains

Elevated areas of land, often characterized by steep peaks and rugged terrain. iroquian cherokee

Peoples of Archaic

Early indigenous cultures in North America, usually defined by their reliance on hunting, fishing, and gathering.

Paleo

The earliest human cultures in North America, predominantly hunter-gatherers during the last Ice Age.

Woodland

A cultural period in North America characterized by the development of pottery, agriculture, and complex societies.

Historie periods

Refers to distinct phases in the history of indigenous cultures, often differentiated by their technological and social developments.

Algonquian

A group of Native American tribes sharing a common language family, primarily located in the northeastern U.S.

Iroquoian

Another Native American language family, predominantly spoken by tribes like the Iroquois Confederacy in the northeastern U.S.

Siouan

Language family associated with several Native American tribes in the Great Plains and Southeastern U.S.

Troquoian

A lesser-known language family of some indigenous peoples in the southeastern U.S.

Powhatan

A Native American confederation of tribes in Virginia, known for their interactions with early English settlers.

Tuscarora

A Native American people originally from North Carolina who later migrated to New York, becoming part of the Iroquois Confederacy.

Catawba

A Native American tribe from the Carolina region, known for their pottery and agrarian lifestyle.

Cherokee

A large Native American tribe originally from the southeastern U.S., known for their complex society and later forced removal.

Wetmore

Likely a reference to historical or geographical studies related to some of the mentioned Native American groups.

Norse

Vikings from Scandinavia who explored and settled parts of Europe, including North America around 1000 AD.

Magyar

A group of people originating from Hungary, noted for their invasions of Europe during the Middle Ages. set a preciedent for crusading

Arab

Refers to the peoples from the Arabian Peninsula, influential in trade and culture, particularly during the medieval period. precident for crusading

Mali

A prominent West African empire known for its wealth, trade, and centers of learning, especially during the 13th century.

Songhai

An African empire that succeeded the Mali Empire, known for its vast territory and as a center of trade and education.

Axum

An ancient kingdom located in present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea, known for its monumental obelisks and trade.

Kanem-Bornu

An ancient African empire located in what is now Chad, known for its trade networks and military prowess.

feudalism

A medieval European social system in which nobles offered protection and land in return for service and allegiance.

crusades

Military campaigns sanctioned by the church aimed at recovering the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

commerce

The activity of buying and selling, particularly on a large scale, which significantly drove developments in societies.

nations

Political and social entities defined by shared geography, culture, and governance.

Portugals involvent in us

was primarily focused on exploration and trade routes, particularly in the 15th and 16th centuries, which laid the groundwork for future European colonization efforts in the Americas.

Prince Henry

A Portuguese prince known as Henry the Navigator, who significantly sponsored maritime exploration in the 15th century.

Spain

A country in southwestern Europe, influential in global exploration and colonization during the Age of Discovery.

Las Casas

A Spanish Dominican friar known for advocating for the rights of indigenous peoples in the Americas.

Sepulveda

A Spanish scholar known for his views justifying the conquest of the Americas and the subjugation of indigenous peoples.

Valladolid

A historical debate in Spain in the 1550s regarding the treatment and rights of indigenous peoples.

explorers

Individuals who seek out new territories and peoples can provide important information and trade opportunities.

Columbus

An Italian explorer credited with the European discovery of the Americas in 1492.

Cortes

Spanish conquistador known for the conquest of the Aztec Empire in present-day Mexico.

Pizarro

Spanish conquistador known for conquering the Inca Empire in present-day Peru.

De Soto

A Spanish explorer known for his expeditions in the southeastern United States and his interactions with indigenous tribes.

Coronado

A Spanish explorer who led an expedition into present-day southwestern U.S., searching for the Seven Cities of Gold.

France

A European nation known for its exploration and colonization of parts of North America.

Champlain

A French explorer known for founding Quebec and mapping much of the northeastern U.S. and Canadian coasts.

Henry VIII

King of England known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Catholic Church.

Elizabeth I

Queen of England, noted for her reign during the Spanish Armada and the establishment of Protestantism.

mercantilism

An economic theory stating that the prosperity of a nation depends on its supply of capital and that it is beneficial to import raw materials and export finished goods.

religion

A systematic approach to the understanding of existence and morality, often involving belief in a supernatural being or beings.

rivalry with Spain

The political and military competition between European nations, particularly during the Age of Exploration.

enclosure movement

A legal process in England in the 18th century that consolidated small landholdings into larger farms.

English Revolution

Political turmoil in England during the 17th century that resulted in a shift from monarchy to republicanism.

North America

A continent that includes the United States, Canada, and Mexico, and is rich in diverse cultures and histories.

Tudors

A dynasty that ruled England from the late 15th century to the early 17th century, beginning with Henry VII.

Henry VII

The first monarch of the Tudor dynasty and the King of England who established the Church of England.

Elizabeth I

The last Tudor monarch known for the Elizabethan Era, which included flourishing arts and the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Church of England

The national church of England, separate from Roman Catholicism, established by Henry VIII.

Roanoke

An early English settlement in the North America that mysteriously disappeared in the late 16th century.

Stuarts

A royal dynasty that succeeded the Tudors, ruling from the early 17th century until the late 18th century.

James I

The first Stuart king of England, known for commissioning the King James Bible.

Charles I

Son of James I and king known for his conflicts with Parliament which led to the English Civil War.

Puritan migration

The movement of Puritans from England to the New World during the early 17th century.

Cromwell

Leader of the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War and later ruler of England as Lord Protector.

Cavalier migration

The migration of royalists and loyalists to the New World during the English Civil War.

Restoration

The period in the 1660s when the monarchy was restored in England following the Commonwealth. james II

Quaker migration

The movement of Quakers to the American colonies seeking religious freedom.

Glorious Revolution

The non-violent transition of power in England in 1688, which saw James II replaced by William and Mary.

Ibo migration

The movement of the Ibo people from West Africa, particularly in the context of the slave trade.

backcountry migration

The movement of settlers into the western frontier regions of North America, particularly during the 18th century. scotts orosh

Southern Colonies

The colonies located in the southernmost region of North America, including Virginia, Maryland, and the Carolinas. These colonies were characterized by plantation agriculture, a warm climate, and reliance on enslaved labor.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607.

Bacon's rebellion

A rebellion in 1676 led by Nathaniel Bacon against the colonial government in Virginia. It was fueled by frustrations over governance and conflicts with Native Americans, highlighting the growing discontent among frontier settlers.

Barbados slave code

A set of laws passed in the 1660s in Barbados that defined the status of enslaved Africans.

noblesse oblige

The obligation of the nobility to act with generosity and nobility towards those less privileged.

backcountry seeds

Refers to the agricultural development and settler expansion in the backcountry areas in the 1700s.

Northern Colonies

The group of English colonies in the northern region, including Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire. These colonies were characterized by a colder climate, a focus on trade and shipbuilding, and a more diverse economy compared to the southern colonies.

Plymouth

The site of the first permanent English settlement in New England, established by the Pilgrims in 1620.

Massachusetts

One of the original thirteen colonies, known for its pivotal role in American history. was home to the Pilgrims and Puritans, and was the site of key events such as the Boston Tea Party and the Salem Witch Trials.