AP studs period 4

2nd Great Awakening

Protestant religious revival movement (1795-1835) emphasizing personal salvation and moral reform.

Market Revolution

Shift from subsistence to market-based economy characterized by improved transportation and increased manufacturing.

Slavery

Institution of forced labor in the South, central to economic, political, and social debates of the era.

Abolition

Movement to end slavery in the U.S., gaining momentum in the early 19th century led by figures like William Lloyd Garrison.

Fireside Poets

Group of 19th-century American poets known for accessible, family-friendly poetry, including Longfellow and Whittier.

Marshall Court

Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall that established judicial review and strengthened federal power.

"Old Immigrants"

Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe who arrived in large numbers before the 1880s, mainly Protestant.

Interchangeable Parts

Manufacturing innovation by Eli Whitney that revolutionized cotton production and contributed to slavery's expansion.

Election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson's victory over John Adams, marking the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties.

Jeffersonian Ideals

Emphasized limited federal government, agrarian democracy, and strict interpretation of the Constitution.

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition of 828,000 square miles from France, doubling the size of the U.S. for $15 million.

Lewis and Clark

Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory, mapping western lands and contacting Native American tribes.

Embargo Act

Jefferson's law prohibiting American ships from foreign trade to punish Britain and France, damaging the U.S. economy.

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who opposed U.S. expansion and attempted to unite Native American tribes, killed in the War of 1812.

War of 1812

Conflict between the U.S. and Great Britain over trade restrictions and impressment, resulting in increased nationalism.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalist leaders discussing grievances against the federal government, leading to the party's decline.

American System

Economic plan by Henry Clay advocating for tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements to unify the economy.

American Colonization Society

Founded to support the migration of free African Americans to Africa, establishing Liberia in 1822.

Panic of 1819

First major financial crisis in the U.S. caused by overspeculation and decline in demand for American goods.

Washington Irving

American author known for short stories like "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," establishing distinct American literature.

"Rip Van Winkle"

Short story by Washington Irving about a man who sleeps for 20 years, reflecting on social and political changes.

Missouri Compromise

Agreement maintaining balance between slave and free states, admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as free.

Cult of Domesticity

Idealized notion of women's roles emphasizing piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity in 19th-century America.

Transcendentalism

Philosophical movement emphasizing individual intuition and nature over formal religion, led by Emerson and Thoreau.

Monroe Doctrine

Foreign policy statement declaring the Western Hemisphere closed to European colonization and asserting U.S. neutrality.

Election of 1824

Controversial election where John Quincy Adams was elected by the House despite Andrew Jackson winning the popular vote.

John Quincy Adams

Sixth U.S. President advocating for internal improvements and education, son of John Adams.

Transportation Revolution

Period of rapid improvement in transportation technology facilitating westward expansion and economic growth.

American Society for the Promotion of Temperance

Founded to combat alcohol abuse, advocating for moderation or abstinence.

Election of 1828

Andrew Jackson's victory marked a shift towards more democratic politics with high voter turnout and expanded suffrage.

Andrew Jackson

Seventh U.S. President who expanded executive power and championed the common man, leading to Indian removal.

Democrats

Political party formed to support Andrew Jackson, advocating for limited government and states' rights.

Railroads

Rapid expansion across the U.S. revolutionizing transportation and commerce, contributing to industrialization.

Indian Removal Act

Authorized negotiation of treaties for Native American land exchange, leading to forced relocations.

William Lloyd Garrison

Prominent abolitionist who founded "The Liberator" newspaper advocating for immediate emancipation.

Nat Turner's Revolt

Slave rebellion in Virginia led by Nat Turner, resulting in deaths and stricter slave codes.

Nullification Crisis

Conflict over tariffs where South Carolina threatened to nullify federal laws, increasing sectional tensions.

Bank War

Conflict between Andrew Jackson and the Second Bank of the U.S., leading to economic instability and the Panic of 1837.

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