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Bioluminescence
The biochemical release of light by living organisms
World Ocean
The combination of all major oceans into one large, interconnected body of water that encircles the world's continents
Epipelagic Zone
The zone of the ocean between 0 and 200 m deep which receives enough light for photosynthesis
Mesopelagic Zone
The zone of the ocean between 200 and 1000 m deep which receives very little light
Bathypelagic Zone
The zone of the ocean between 1000 and 4000 m deep which receives no sunlight
Abyssopelagic Zone
The zone of the ocean between 4000 and 6000 m deep with near-freezing water temperatures and intense pressure
Benthic Zone
The lowest depth region in any body of water including the surface of the substrate
Benthos
The community of organisms found in the benthic zone
Ecosystem Services
Benefits people obtain from ecosystems, including food, flood regulation, climate control and water purification
Carbon Sink
A natural environment that absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere faster than it releases it
Cnidarians
Marine animals that capture food using stinging cells
Cnidocytes
Stinging cells that cover the tentacles of cnidarians
Polyp
Non-moving, cup-like life stage of cnidarians
Nematocyst
The harpoon-like organelle inside of cnidocyte that contains toxin to be delivered to the prey
Basal Plate
Lower part of the coral calyx that separates the polyp from the substrate
Calyx
The stony cup in which a coral polyp lives its life
Theca
The walls of the calyx
Hard Corals
Stony corals capable of reef-building that have a relationship with zooxanthellae
Soft Corals
Corals that do not build reefs and lack calcification
Zooxanthellae
Symbiotic, photosynthetic dinoflagellates living within the tissues of many invertebrates
Fringing Reef
A reef close to and surrounding newer volcanic islands or that borders continental land masses
Barrier Reef
A reef separated by a lagoon from the land mass with which it is associated
Atoll
A coral reef somewhat circular in shape with a central lagoon
Patch Reef
Small, isolated reef usually located within the lagoon of a barrier reef
Lagoon
A shallow, sheltered body of water with a soft sediment bottom
Reef Erosion
When a coral loses more of its calcium carbonate skeleton per year than it gains
Bioerosion
Reef erosion caused by living organisms
Ocean Acidification
A process where the pH of the ocean is reduced over an extended period of time; generally attributed to a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide
Climate Change
Changes in global or regional climate patterns since the late twentieth century
Coral Bleaching
Whitening of coral that results from the loss of a coral's symbiotic zooxanthellae
Desiccation
The removal of moisture or drying out of an organism
Artificial Reef
An underwater structure built by humans to mimic the characteristics of a natural reef
Zonation
Distribution of plants or animals into specific zones within an ecosystem based on a specific abiotic factor, like desiccation
Intertidal Zone
Area known as the seashore which is exposed at low tides and under water at high tides
Splash Zone
Area of a rocky shore that is just above the high tide mark and receives water through the splashing of waves
Porous
Substrate with holes that allow for the passage of air and water
Permeability
How well water flows through a substrate
Porosity
How much water a substance can hold based on the empty space within it
Propagule
A reproductive structure that detaches from the parent plant and is able to grow into a new individual
Lenticel
A raised pore in the roots of a mangrove that allows gas exchange between the atmosphere and the internal tissues
Viviparous Reproduction [Plants]
A reproductive strategy where the seed develops into a young plant while still attached to the parent plant
Anthropogenic
Caused by human activity
Geoengineering
Intentionally manipulating environmental processes that affect the climate in order to reduce the impacts of climate change
Ocean Fertilisation
The dumping of iron or other nutrients into the ocean in areas with low productivity to enhance growth of phytoplankton
Carbon Sequestration
Long-term storage of carbon to mitigate global warming and avoid climate change
Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)
When an excess of nutrients leads to overgrowth of marine plankton that release toxins into the water