Biochemistry Review Flashcards

Flashcards on Biochemical Signaling, Metabolism, and Bioenergetics

Receptors

Proteins that bind molecules and elicit a cellular response.

Cyclic AMP

A molecule that often functions as a second messenger.

Islets of Langerhans

The gland predominately responsible for producing the hormone that is released in response to consumption of a meal particularly high in carbohydrates.

Isoproterenol

Receptors that bind hormones synthesized in the adrenal cortex agonists.

Insulin

Release of this results in the stimulation of the liver to synthesize glycogen.

Rhodopsin

The first G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) to be structurally analyzed at the atomic level.

Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)

Signaling pathway that undergoes autophosphorylation resulting in kinase activation.

Adenylate cyclase (AC)

Signaling pathway relies on GTP dependent hydrolysis for subsequent synthesis of cAMP.

Phosphoinositide

Cytosolic calcium ion levels are altered by this signaling pathway.

Cortisol

Hormone responsible for a variety of actions including the ability to cope with stress.

Autotrophs

Prokaryotes that are able to synthesize all of their cellular components from simple molecules such as CO2, H2O, NH3, and H2S.

Obligate aerobes

Organisms that require oxygen for nutrient breakdown.

Anabolic pathways

Biomolecules are synthesized from simpler components.

Acyl phosphate

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate.

Pyrophosphatase

Catalyzes the reaction, PPi → 2 Pi.

Adenylate kinase

Catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to AMP.

Reduction reaction

A metabolic reaction resulting in the formation of FADH2.

Oxidation

The reaction NADH → NAD+.

E'

The standard reduction potential under biochemical standard state conditions

Proteomics

The study of the complete set of proteins synthesized in the cell in response to changing conditions.

Pyruvate decarboxylase

The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetyaldehyde and CO2 from pyruvate, is not present in animals.

Thiamine pyrophosphate

Vitamin B1 is a component of the coenzyme, essential for development of an electron sink necessary for decarboxylation of pyruvate.

ATP

Glycolysis forms under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions.

Pyruvate

The products of glycolysis include: ATP, NADH, and.

NAD+

The coenzyme which is the oxidizing agent in both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis.

Fluoride ion

Is an inhibitor of enolase which was useful in elucidating the glycolytic pathway.

Galactosemia

A genetic deficiency of a single transferase enzyme required for sugar group exchange causes the medical condition of causing failure to thrive, mental retardation, and potential liver damage.

Phosphofructokinase

The enzyme that is the major control point for glycolysis in muscle.

pentose phosphate

NADPH used in lipid biosynthesis is produced by this pathway.

fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

The enzyme that participates in a regulatory substrate cycle along with phosphofructokinase.

Glycogenolysis

The breakdown of glycogen.

Gluconeogenesis

Glucose can be synthesized from noncarbohydrate precursors by.

Biotin

Carboxylation of pyruvate in humans requires, as an essential dietary nutrient.

Cyclic AMP

Activates glycogen breakdown.

Glucose-6-phosphatase

An enzyme present in the endoplasmic reticulum of liver cells.

Muscle

Cells that lack receptors for the hormone glucagon.

Glucagon

Low blood glucose (< 5mM) levels result in the release of

Phosphorylase a

The first step in the breakdown of glycogen is catalyzed by

Glucose-1-phosphate

Both glycogen synthesis and glycogen breakdown share the metabolite

Dolichol

The membrane-bound polyisoprenol involved in the synthesis of N-linked glycoproteins.

Citric acid cycle

Also called the Krebs cycle.

Isocitrate

The first compound that is oxidized in the citric acid cycle.

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

Catalyzes a substrate-level phosphorylation reaction within the citric acid cycle.

Oxaloacetate

Is used in the first reaction of the citric acid cycle and regenerated upon completion of one turn of the citric acid cycle.

Succinate dehydrogenase

A membrane-bound enzyme of the citric acid cycle that catalyzes an oxidation reaction

Malate

The name of a citric acid cycle intermediate that is derived from the Latin word for "apple".

Aconitase

The enzyme that is unique because it contains an iron−sulfur cluster but does not participate in a redox reaction.

Malonate

A structural analog and competitive inhibitor of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase

Malate synthase

The enzyme that is part of the glyoxylate cycle that occurs in plants, bacteria, and fungi.

Carbon dioxide

And pyruvate can be combined in an ATP dependent reaction that regenerates one of the key intermediates in the citric acid cycle.

Matrix

The inner mitochondrial membrane divides the mitochondrion into the inner membrane space and the

Coenzyme Q

Complexes I and II each transfer electrons to

Shuttle

Electrons from cytosolic NADH are transferred to the matrix via electron systems.

Wire

Protons moving through a transmembrane channel by "jumping" through an arrangement of hydrogen-bonded groups are described as moving through a proton

Proton pump

Bacteriorhodopsin is an example of a light-driven

Heme

The cytochromes within complex III all contain,groups.

Copper

Cytochrome c oxidase contains four redox centers: two heme groups and two redox centers containing,.

Plasma membrane

Bacteria carry out electron transport in the

Respiration

The stoichiometric relationship of ATP synthesis to is referred to as the P/O ratio.

Antioxidant

Molecules that prevent oxidative damage by the superoxide radical possess properties.