Human geo unit 3

culture

all of a groups learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects

cultural traits

elements of culture, visible and invisible

cultural complex

a series of interrelated cultural traits

cultural hearth

the area in which a unique culture or a specific trait develops

taboos

behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture

folk culture

the beliefs and practices of small homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change

popular culture

when cultural traits spread quickly over a large area and are adopted by various groups

global culture

elements of popular culture adopted worldwide

indigenous culture

when members of an ethnic group reside in their ancestral lands, and typically possess unique cultural traits, such as speaking their own exclusive language

urbanization

people moving to urban areas

globalization

the increased integration of the world economy since the 1970s. has profound impacts on culture

material culture

cultural traits that **comprise of artifacts** (tangible things, or those that can be experienced by the senses)

artifacts

tangible things, or those that can be experienced by the senses

mentifacts

intangible concepts, or those not having a physical presence. beliefs, values, practices, and aesthetics

nonmaterial culture

**comprise of mentifacts** (intangible concepts, or those not having a physical presence. beliefs, values, practices, and aesthetics)

sociofacts

ways the people organize their society and relate to one another

architecture

The art of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures. It involves understanding aesthetics, functionality, and safety in creating spaces for people to live, work, and play.

cultural landscape

the visible reflection of a culture on the built environment

traditional architecture

reflects a local culture’s history, beliefs, values, and community adaptations to the environment, and typically utilizes locally available materials. examples are Spanish adobe homes.

postmodern architecture

a movement away from boxy, mostly concrete or brick structures toward high rise structures made from larger amounts of steel and glass siding.

land use patterns

the use of land for various purposes or activities

linguistic characteristics

features of a language

gender

the answer is “gender”

religion

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control destiny

ethnic neighborhood

neighborhoods in urban settings often occupied by migrants who settle in a charter group’s former space

disapora

when one group of people are dispersed to various locations

christianity

monotheistic religion that believes in Jesus. universalizing religion

islam

monotheistic religion that prays in mosques. it is a universalizing religion

buddhism

this religion is neither polytheistic or monotheistic, and originated in India. it is a universalizing religion

sikhism

universalizing religion that originated in India in the region of Punjab, monotheistic. this religion was created by guru nanak

hinduism

polytheistic religion that originated in modern day India and Pakistan

judaism

ethnic monotheistic religion that prays in synagogues

sequent occupancy

ethnic groups move in and out of neighborhoods and create new cultural imprints on the landscape

cultural relativism

the concept that a person’s or group’s beliefs, values, norms, and practices should be understood from the \[perspective of the other group’s culture. for example- many Americans are disgusted when some cultures eat fried insect. applying this, a geographer would attempt to understand why some communities may eat bugs.

ethnocentrism

believing that your own cultural group is more important and superior to other culture

ethnicity

membership within a group of people who have experiences and share similar characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, and history

sense of place

the wide range of connections between people and places that develops based on the place meanings and attachment a person has for a particular setting

placemaking

a collaborative process by which we can shape our public realm in order to maximize shared value

centrifugal force

forces that divide a group of people or a region. examples are different languages and religions, a separate past, ethnic conflict, racism, unequal application of laws, or dictoral leadership.

centripetal force

forces that unify a group of people or a region. examples are a common language and religion, a shared heritage and history, ethnic unity and tolerance, a just and fair legal system, a charismatic leader or any other unifying aspect of culture.

relocation diffusion

the spread of culture and/or cultural traits by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them. an example is Italian immigrants bringing pizza to the united states. another example is the spread of European culture around the world starting in the 1500s

expansion diffusion

the spread of cultural traits outward through exchange without migration

contagious diffusion

when a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people. for example the hearth for blues music is the southern US. as musicians outside the city heard the music, they began to play it themselves, spreading it to cities such as St. Louis, Chicago, and New York. this is a type of expansion diffusion

hierarchical diffusion

the spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth and influence. Cultural traits spread first from one powerful person, city, or powerful class to other people, smaller cities, different social classes, or less developed countries. this is a type of expansion diffusion

reverse hierarchical diffusion

a trait diffuses from a group of lower status to a group of higher status. for example, in the US in the 1940s to 1960s, people commonly considered tattoos to be a symbol of low social status., were associated with three types of places: seaport towns, military bases, and prisons. since the 1970s, the custom of getting tattoos has diffused throughout many segments of a society and geographic areas

stimulus diffusion

when an underlying idea from a cultural hearth is adopted by another culture but the adopting group modifies or rejects one trait. for example the original trait is fast food burger culture in the US, is adopted in India, but modified to be vegetarian

creolization

two or more separate languages can mix a more formal structure and vocabulary so they are no longer a pidgin language. this is the process of ____

lingua franca

a common language used by people who do not share the same native language. for example Nigerians commonly speak one of 500 indigenous languages at home, but they learn to speak English to communicate with everyone who does not speak their language.

colonialism

a particular type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country.

imperialism

includes a variety of ways of influencing another country or group of people by direct conquest, economical control, or cultural dominance

indigenous language

a language that is native to a region and spoken by indigenous people, often reduced to the status of a minority language

social constructs

ideas, concepts, or perceptions that have been created and accepted by people in a society or social group and are not created by nature. these processes influences culture through media, technological change, politics, economics, and social relationships

time space convergence

the greater interconnection between places that results from improvements in transportation is called __________. it often makes places less culturally distinct

cultural convergence

cultures are becoming similar to each other and sharing more cultural traits, ideas, and beliefs.

cultural divergence

the idea that a culture may change over time as the elements of distance, time, physical separation, and modern technology create divisions and changes

language family

languages today are grouped in to 15 _____. the relation among these groups is shows on a language tree

dialect

regional variations of a language created by variations in accent, grammar, usage, and spelling.

isogloss

the boundaries between variations in pronunciations or word usage are called isoglosses.

indo-european language family

one of the 15 major language families. nearly half the worlds population speaks one of the languages in this family.

universalizing religion

a religion that actively seeks converts to its faith regardless of their ethnic backgrounds. examples are Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Sikhism

ethnic religion

religions that have traditions that emphasize strong characteristics among their followers.

polytheistic

having many gods

monotheistic

having one god

acculturation

an ethnic or immigrant group moving to a new area adopts the values and practices of the larger group that has received them, while still maintaining valuable elements of their own culture.

assimilation

when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group

syncretism

the fusion or blending of two distinctive cultural traits in to a unique new hybrid trait

multiculturalism

the coexistence of several cultures in one society with the ideal of all cultures being valued and worthy of study

nativism

anti immigrant