BACTERIOLOGY

all COCCI are gram (+) except

NMVMA

Neisseria
Moraxella / Branhamella
Veilonella
Megasphera
Acidaaminococcus

all BACILLI are gram (-) except

BBMACCPELLN

Bacillus
Bifidobacillus
Mycobacteria
Actinomyces
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Proipionebacterium
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Listeria monocytogenes
Lactobacillus
Nocardia

Mycobacteria
Nocardia
Coccidians

Mycolic acid/Hydroxymethoxy acid
unique in call wall of Acid fast organism

Vibrio spp.

all bacteria have only 1 chromosome except

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Babes-Ernst Granules

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Much's Granules

Yersinia
Pasteurella
Brucella

Bipolar bodies (if stained with Wayson's, shows 'SAFETY PIN' appearance

Actinomyces
Nocardia

Sulfur granules

Clostridium tetani

Terminal spore

Clostridium botulinum

Subterminal spore

Bacillus anthracis

Central spore

Monotrichous

single polar flagellum

Amphitrichous

single or clusters at both end

Lophotrichous

single tuft of cluster at a pole

Bilophotrichous

two tufts or clusters at both poles

Peritrichous

single flagellum randomly distributed around the bacteria

Atrichous

no flagella

Motile
ABBCCCELPPPSV

Alcaligenes
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Campylobacter
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium tetani
Escherichia coli
Listeria
Providencia
Proteus
Pseudomonas
Salmonella
Vibrio

Bacteria with endospores

Bacillus
Clostridium

Bacteria with capsule

Bacillus anthracis (d-glutamate / d-glutamic acid)
Streptococcus agalactiae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae

Bacteria with pili

Neisseria
Pseudomonas

Obligate aerobic

Bordetella
Brucella
Pseudomonas
Haemophilus
Mycobacterium

Obligate Anaerobic

Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium

Facultative anaerobic

E.coli
most of the pathogens

Microaerophilic

Campylobacter (5% O2, 10% CO2, 85% N2)
Helicobacter
Treponema pallidum

Aerotolerant anaerobic

Lactobacillus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Enterococcus faecalis

Incubation:
Aerobic
Anaerobic

16-24 hrs
24-48 hrs

Indicators of Gaspak jar

Methylene blue
Resazurin red

If colorless, (+) anaerobiosis

For obligate anaerobic

For capnophilic

Gaspak jar

Candle jar

Enzymes that inhibits the toxic effect of O2

Catalase
SOD (superoxide dismutase)

Thioglycollate medium

Top
Bottom
Unevenly spread
Evenly spread

Obligate aerobe, microaerophilic
Obligate anaerobe
Facultative anaerobe
Aerotolerant

Capnophilic bacteria (5-10% CO2)

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Neisseria gonorrhea

Carbon source:

Use CO2 as the sole source of carbon

Reduced, preformed, organic molecules from other bacteria

Autotroph


Heterotroph

Energy source:

organism that use light

organism that use the energy produced by the oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds

Phototroph

Chemotroph

Electron source:

reduced inorganic molecules

require organic substances (CHO, CHON, lipids) for growth and multipication

Lithotroph

Organotroph

chemoheteroorganotrophs

Most of the gram (+) organisms

photoautolithotrophs

Most of the gram (-) organisms

35-37degC

It is the optimum temperature for most bacteria

Psychrophilic/Cryophilic

0-15degC

Listeria monocytogenes (coleslaw food poison)
Yersinia enterocolitica (#1 blood bag contaminant)

Mesophilic

20-45degC

E.coli
Most of the pathogenic bacteria

Thermophilic

50-60degC

Bacillus stearothermophilus (indicator of autoclave)
Thermus aquaticus

Hypothermophilic

80-113degC

Sulfolobus
Pyrococcus
Pyrodictium

Extremophilic

Bacillus infernus

Acidophilic

ph 0 - 5.5

Lactobacillus acidophilus
Sulfolobus
Picrophilus
Acontium

Neutrophilic

pH 5.5 - 8.0

E.coli
most of the pathogenic bacteria

Alkalinophilic

pH 8.5 - 11.5 (ex. bile salt)

Vibrio
Bacillus alcalophilus
Natrinabacterium

7.0 and 7.5

diagnostic lab media for bacterial isolation are usually adjusted to a final pH between

6.5% NaCl
7.5% NaCl
8% NaCl

Enterococcus spp.
Staphylococcus aureus
most of Vibrio spp.

Boiling

100degC, 10-15 mins

Autoclave:

Materials in the lab

for decontaminating medical wastes

121degC, 15-20 mins, 15 psi

132degC, 30-60 mins, 15 psi

biological indicators of autoclave

Bacillus stearothermophilus
Clostridium PA 3679

Fractional sterilization / Intermittent sterilization / Tyndallization

Arnold's sterilizer

100degC, 30 mins, 3 consecutive days

Insipissation

70-80degC, 2hrs, 3 consecutive days

Pasteurization / Partial sterilization

Phosphatase test (success of pasteurization)
LTH = 63degC, 30 mins
HTST = 72degC, 15 mins
UHT = 140degC, 3 secs

biological indicator of dry heat procedure

Bacillus subtilis variation niger

oven

160-170degC, 1 1/2 - 2 hrs
for glasswares

Incineration:

burning materials into ashes

medical wastes (hazardous)

300-400degC

870-980degC

lives best at 4degC

Listeria monocytogenes

killed at 2-8degC for 72 hrs

Treponema pallidum (Syphillis)

most temperature-sensitive bacteria

Shigella

bacteria that can resist dessication:

1 hour
2 months
10 years

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (pili)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (much's granules)
Bacillus, Clostridium (spores)

Biological indicator of radiation

Bacillus pumilus

used to disinfect drinking H2O

Halozone

Iodine + Detergent

Iodophore

Iodine with alcohol

tincture of iodine

Biological indicator of gas sterilant

Bacillus subtilis variation globijii

Ethylene oxide

microbiocidal and sporocidal
5-8hrs, 38 degC
3-4 hrs, 54 degC

- secreted or excreted by DEAD bacteria
- toxicity is due to LIPID A(LPS)
- found on OUTER MEMBRANE
- heat STABLE (121degC)
- from Gram (-)
- synthesized directly by CHROMOSOMAL GENES

Endotoxin

- secreted or excreted by LIVING bacteria
- toxicity is due to SIMPLE PROTEINS
- found OUTSIDE the cell
- heat LABILE, inactivated at 60degC
- from Gram (+) and some from Gram (-)
- cytotoxins, neurotoxins, enterotoxins
- carried by EXTRACHROMOSOMAL GENES

Exotoxin

Capsule stain
HANG

Hiss
Anthony
Nigrossin (India ink stain)
Gins

Endospores
DHWS

Dorner
Heat and acetic acid
Wirtz-Conklin
Schaeffer-Fulton (green; best stain for endospore)

Metachromatic Granules
LANL

LAMB (loeffler's all alonene methylene blue)
Albert's
Neisser's
Ljubinsky

Flagella
GLF

Gray
Leifson
Fischer-conn

Spirochetes
LSWF

Levaditi
Silver impregnation
Warthin-Starry (best stain for spirochete; contains AgNO³)
Fontana Tribondeau

DNA

Acridine orange, Feulgen

bipolar bodies

Wayson

Cell wall

Dyar

Rickettsia

Macchiavelo, Gimenez

B. anthracis

McFayden

H. pylori

Toluidine blue

Mycoplasma

Dienes

Legionella

Dieterle Silver Stain

Corynebacterium

Bismarck brown

Cell Wall Inhibitors
BACIP

Bacitracin
Ampicillin
Cephalosporin
Imipenem
Penicillin

Beta lactamase resistant

Penicillin
Dicloxacillin
Oxacillin
Methicillin
Nafcillin
Cloxacillin

Broad spectrum penicillin

Tisarcillin
Amoxicillin
Piperacillin
Ampicillin
Carbenicillin

B-lactamase test

Chromogenic cephalosporin test

(+) pink/red

Iodometric test
iodine and penicillin

(+) colorless

Acidimetric test
Phenol red and penicillin

(+) yellow

30s ribosome inhibitors
TA

Tetracycline (bacteriostatic)
Aminoglycosides (bactericidal)

50s ribosome inhibitors
CECLM

Chloramphenicol (bacteriostatic)
Erythromycin (bacteriostatic/cidal)
Clindamycin (bacteriostatic/cidal)
Lincomycin
Macrolide

Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors

Rifampicin
Mitomycin
Metronidazole
Novobiocin
Nitrofurantoin
Quinolones and Fluroquinolones

Folic Acid INhibitors

Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim
SXM
Co-trimoxazole
Dapsone
Isoniazid (inhibits the synthesis of cord factor; mycolic acid)

Anti-TB drugs
RIPES

Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Streptomycin

Cell membrane inhibitors

Polymixin B
Polymixin E

Anti-fungal Agents

Polyenes (Amphotericin B)
Azole

standard inoculum size of test tube / broth dilution

5x10⁵ CFU/mL

Microdilution

broth volume: 0.05 - 0.1mL
Schaedler's broth, West Wilkins broth, BHI

Macrodilution

broth volume: >10mL
MH broth with 2% NaCl

standard inoculum size of agar dilution method

1x10⁴ CFU/mL