BACTERIOLOGY

all COCCI are gram (+) except

NMVMA

all COCCI are gram (+) except

NMVMA

Neisseria Moraxella / Branhamella Veilonella Megasphera Acidaaminococcus

all BACILLI are gram (-) except

BBMACCPELLN

Bacillus Bifidobacillus Mycobacteria Actinomyces Clostridium Corynebacterium Proipionebacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Listeria monocytogenes Lactobacillus Nocardia

Mycobacteria Nocardia Coccidians

Mycolic acid/Hydroxymethoxy acid unique in call wall of Acid fast organism

Vibrio spp.

all bacteria have only 1 chromosome except

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Babes-Ernst Granules

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Much's Granules

Yersinia Pasteurella Brucella

Bipolar bodies (if stained with Wayson's, shows 'SAFETY PIN' appearance

Actinomyces Nocardia

Sulfur granules

Clostridium tetani

Terminal spore

Clostridium botulinum

Subterminal spore

Bacillus anthracis

Central spore

Monotrichous

single polar flagellum

Amphitrichous

single or clusters at both end

Lophotrichous

single tuft of cluster at a pole

Bilophotrichous

two tufts or clusters at both poles

Peritrichous

single flagellum randomly distributed around the bacteria

Atrichous

no flagella

Motile ABBCCCELPPPSV

Alcaligenes Bacillus cereus Bacillus subtilis Campylobacter Clostridium botulinum Clostridium tetani Escherichia coli Listeria Providencia Proteus Pseudomonas Salmonella Vibrio

Bacteria with endospores

Bacillus Clostridium

Bacteria with capsule

Bacillus anthracis (d-glutamate / d-glutamic acid) Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus pneumoniae Klebsiella pneumoniae Neisseria meningitidis Haemophilus influenzae

Bacteria with pili

Neisseria Pseudomonas

Obligate aerobic

Bordetella Brucella Pseudomonas Haemophilus Mycobacterium

Obligate Anaerobic

Actinomyces Bacteroides Clostridium

Facultative anaerobic

E.coli most of the pathogens

Microaerophilic

Campylobacter (5% O2, 10% CO2, 85% N2) Helicobacter Treponema pallidum

Aerotolerant anaerobic

Lactobacillus Streptococcus pyogenes Enterococcus faecalis

Incubation: Aerobic Anaerobic

16-24 hrs 24-48 hrs

Indicators of Gaspak jar

Methylene blue Resazurin red

If colorless, (+) anaerobiosis

For obligate anaerobic

For capnophilic

Gaspak jar

Candle jar

Enzymes that inhibits the toxic effect of O2

Catalase SOD (superoxide dismutase)

Thioglycollate medium

Top Bottom Unevenly spread Evenly spread

Obligate aerobe, microaerophilic Obligate anaerobe Facultative anaerobe Aerotolerant

Capnophilic bacteria (5-10% CO2)

Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Neisseria gonorrhea

Carbon source:

Use CO2 as the sole source of carbon

Reduced, preformed, organic molecules from other bacteria

Autotroph

Heterotroph

Energy source:

organism that use light

organism that use the energy produced by the oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds

Phototroph

Chemotroph

Electron source:

reduced inorganic molecules

require organic substances (CHO, CHON, lipids) for growth and multipication

Lithotroph

Organotroph

chemoheteroorganotrophs

Most of the gram (+) organisms

photoautolithotrophs

Most of the gram (-) organisms

35-37degC

It is the optimum temperature for most bacteria

Psychrophilic/Cryophilic

0-15degC

Listeria monocytogenes (coleslaw food poison) Yersinia enterocolitica (#1 blood bag contaminant)

Mesophilic

20-45degC

E.coli Most of the pathogenic bacteria

Thermophilic

50-60degC

Bacillus stearothermophilus (indicator of autoclave) Thermus aquaticus

Hypothermophilic

80-113degC

Sulfolobus Pyrococcus Pyrodictium

Extremophilic

Bacillus infernus

Acidophilic

ph 0 - 5.5

Lactobacillus acidophilus Sulfolobus Picrophilus Acontium

Neutrophilic

pH 5.5 - 8.0

E.coli most of the pathogenic bacteria

Alkalinophilic

pH 8.5 - 11.5 (ex. bile salt)

Vibrio Bacillus alcalophilus Natrinabacterium

7.0 and 7.5

diagnostic lab media for bacterial isolation are usually adjusted to a final pH between

6.5% NaCl 7.5% NaCl 8% NaCl

Enterococcus spp. Staphylococcus aureus most of Vibrio spp.

Boiling

100degC, 10-15 mins

Autoclave:

Materials in the lab

for decontaminating medical wastes

121degC, 15-20 mins, 15 psi

132degC, 30-60 mins, 15 psi

biological indicators of autoclave

Bacillus stearothermophilus Clostridium PA 3679

Fractional sterilization / Intermittent sterilization / Tyndallization

Arnold's sterilizer

100degC, 30 mins, 3 consecutive days

Insipissation

70-80degC, 2hrs, 3 consecutive days

Pasteurization / Partial sterilization

Phosphatase test (success of pasteurization) LTH = 63degC, 30 mins HTST = 72degC, 15 mins UHT = 140degC, 3 secs

biological indicator of dry heat procedure

Bacillus subtilis variation niger

oven

160-170degC, 1 1/2 - 2 hrs for glasswares

Incineration:

burning materials into ashes

medical wastes (hazardous)

300-400degC

870-980degC

lives best at 4degC

Listeria monocytogenes

killed at 2-8degC for 72 hrs

Treponema pallidum (Syphillis)

most temperature-sensitive bacteria

Shigella

bacteria that can resist dessication:

1 hour 2 months 10 years

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (pili) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (much's granules) Bacillus, Clostridium (spores)

Biological indicator of radiation

Bacillus pumilus

used to disinfect drinking H2O

Halozone

Iodine + Detergent

Iodophore

Iodine with alcohol

tincture of iodine

Biological indicator of gas sterilant

Bacillus subtilis variation globijii

Ethylene oxide

microbiocidal and sporocidal 5-8hrs, 38 degC 3-4 hrs, 54 degC

• secreted or excreted by DEAD bacteria

• toxicity is due to LIPID A(LPS)

• found on OUTER MEMBRANE

• heat STABLE (121degC)

• from Gram (-)

• synthesized directly by CHROMOSOMAL GENES

Endotoxin

• secreted or excreted by LIVING bacteria

• toxicity is due to SIMPLE PROTEINS

• found OUTSIDE the cell

• heat LABILE, inactivated at 60degC

• from Gram (+) and some from Gram (-)

• cytotoxins, neurotoxins, enterotoxins

• carried by EXTRACHROMOSOMAL GENES

Exotoxin

Capsule stain HANG

Hiss Anthony Nigrossin (India ink stain) Gins

Endospores DHWS

Dorner Heat and acetic acid Wirtz-Conklin Schaeffer-Fulton (green; best stain for endospore)

Metachromatic Granules LANL

LAMB (loeffler's all alonene methylene blue) Albert's Neisser's Ljubinsky

Flagella GLF

Gray Leifson Fischer-conn

Spirochetes LSWF

Levaditi Silver impregnation Warthin-Starry (best stain for spirochete; contains AgNO³) Fontana Tribondeau

DNA

Acridine orange, Feulgen

bipolar bodies

Wayson

Cell wall

Dyar

Rickettsia

Macchiavelo, Gimenez

B. anthracis

McFayden

H. pylori

Toluidine blue

Mycoplasma

Dienes

Legionella

Dieterle Silver Stain

Corynebacterium

Bismarck brown

Cell Wall Inhibitors BACIP

Bacitracin Ampicillin Cephalosporin Imipenem Penicillin

Beta lactamase resistant

Penicillin Dicloxacillin Oxacillin Methicillin Nafcillin Cloxacillin

Broad spectrum penicillin

Tisarcillin Amoxicillin Piperacillin Ampicillin Carbenicillin

B-lactamase test

Chromogenic cephalosporin test

(+) pink/red

Iodometric test iodine and penicillin

(+) colorless

Acidimetric test Phenol red and penicillin

(+) yellow

30s ribosome inhibitors TA

Tetracycline (bacteriostatic) Aminoglycosides (bactericidal)

50s ribosome inhibitors CECLM

Chloramphenicol (bacteriostatic) Erythromycin (bacteriostatic/cidal) Clindamycin (bacteriostatic/cidal) Lincomycin Macrolide

Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors

Rifampicin Mitomycin Metronidazole Novobiocin Nitrofurantoin Quinolones and Fluroquinolones

Folic Acid INhibitors

Sulfonamides Trimethoprim SXM Co-trimoxazole Dapsone Isoniazid (inhibits the synthesis of cord factor; mycolic acid)

Anti-TB drugs RIPES

Rifampicin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol Streptomycin

Cell membrane inhibitors

Polymixin B Polymixin E

Anti-fungal Agents

Polyenes (Amphotericin B) Azole

standard inoculum size of test tube / broth dilution

5x10⁵ CFU/mL

Microdilution

broth volume: 0.05 - 0.1mL Schaedler's broth, West Wilkins broth, BHI

Macrodilution

broth volume: >10mL MH broth with 2% NaCl

standard inoculum size of agar dilution method

1x10⁴ CFU/mL