Organic Chem

What is a hydrocarbon

Compound containing only carbon and hydrogen

What is meant by homologous series

Family of organic compounds sharing characteristics such as; the same general formula, differing from neighbour by CH2, containing the same functional group

What is a functional group

Atom or group of atoms that are responsible for chemical properties of a compound

What happens in an addition reaction

Two reactants join together to form one product

What happens in an elimination reaction

Removal of a small molecule from a larger one

What happens in a substitution reaction

An atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms

What happens in an oxidation reaction

Substance gains oxygen, loses electrons

What happens in a reduction reaction

Substance loses oxygen, gains electrons

What happens in a hydrolysis reaction

A water molecule is used to break a chemical bond between 2 molecules.

What happens in a polymerisation reaction

Many small molecules (monomers) join together to form a very large molecule (polymer).

Define structural isomerism

When molecules have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Define stereoisomerism

When molecules have the same structural and molecular formula, but have a different arrangement of atoms in space

What is E/Z isomerism

A form of stereoisomerism and occurs as a result of restricted rotation about the planar carbon-carbon double bond.

What is the general formula of alkanes

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

What is a saturated hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon containing only single-bonded carbon atoms.

What is fractional distillation

when crude oil is separated into substances with similar boiling points/fractions

What is cracking

The breaking down of long-chain alkanes into alkenes and shorter-chain alkanes

What is reforming

The processing of straight-chain hydrocarbons into branched-chain alkanes and cyclic hydrocarbons for efficient combustion.

What pollutants are formed during combustion of alkanes

Co2, Soot, CO, SO2, unburnt hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides

What problems arise from pollutants formed during combustion

Soot - Respiratory issues

CO - Inhibits oxygen transportation

CO2 - Greenhouse effect

Unburnt - Carcinogenic, smog

Smog - Respiratory issues

Nitrogen oxides - Smog, acid rain

SO2 - Acid rain, smog

What does a catalytic converter do

processes the toxic gases in engine exhaust, turning them into carbon dioxide, water, and other less harmful substances

What fuels can be used instead of alkanes

Biofuels (Biodiesel, Bioalcohol)

What is a radical

A species with an unpaired electron

How is a radical formed

Homolytic fission of a covalent bond

Complete combustion of alkane

alkane + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

Reaction of methane with chlorine (radical substitution)

1. Initiation Cl2 → 2Cl*

2. Propagation CH4 + Cl → CH3 + HCl and CH3 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + Cl

3. Termination Cl* + Cl* → Cl2 and CH3* + Cl* → CH3Cl and CH3* + CH3* → C2H6

What are the limitations of radical substitution

-Further substitution

-Substitution at different points in a carbon chain

General formula for alkenes

CₙH₂ₙ

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

Have at least one double or triple covalent bonds

How do sigma and pi bonds work in alkenes

Within the double bond there is one sigma and one pi bond

What is an electrophile

An electron pair acceptor

What catalyst is used in the hydrogenation of alkenes

Nickel

What does the hydrogenation of alkenes form

alkanes

What is a hydrogenation of alkenes used for

Margarine production

When you react and alkene with steam what type of catalyst should be used

Acid (phosphoric)

What does the hydration of alkenes form

alcohols

What is a diol

A molecule with two hydroxyl (OH) groups

What does the oxidation of alkenes with potassium manganate form

diol

In the reaction of alkenes with potassium manganate what colour change occurs

purple -> colourless

What is the qualitative test for C=C

Bromine water

What does the heterolytic fission of covalent bonds result in

Formation of ions

How do alkenes form polymers

addition polymerisation

What can happen to polymers once they have served their purpose

recycled, chemical feedstock, incineration

How can you limit problems caused by polymer disposal

developing biodegradable polymers, remove toxic gases caused by incineration

How can you classify halogenoalkanes

primary, secondary or tertiary

What is a nucleophile

electron pair donor

What is the trend in reactivity of primary, secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes

Tertiary, secondary, primary

What is the trend in reactivity of chloro-, bromo- and iodo- halogenoalkanes

Iodo, bromo, chloro

How do you classify alcohols

primary, secondary, tertiary

How does heating under reflux work

Products of oxidation stay in the reaction because they are condensed if they boil off

How does distillation work

The compound with lower boiling point is boiled off and condenses in the receiver

How can you determine boiling point of an organic compound

Measure boiling point

Why do we get optical isomerism

Chirality

What is a chiral centre

A carbon atom with four different atoms or groups attached to it

What is optical activity

Ability of a optical isomer to rotate the plane of polarisation

What is a racemic mixture

50/50 mixture of two enantiomers

How can optical activity demonstrate evidence of sn1 and sn2 reactions

SN1 reactions will form racemic mixtures which have no optical activity, happens due to Trigonal planar carbocation.

What are aldehyde and ketone functional groups

CHO

With what do aldehydes and ketones form hydrogen bonds

water

What does Brady's reagent test for

Carbonyl functional group

What is the positive result for Brady's reagent

Orange solution produces orange solid

What can aldehydes be oxidised to

carboxylic acids

What is a positive result for a test with Tollen's reagent

Silver mirror

What is a positive result for a test using Fehling's solution

Blue solution gives brick red solid

What type of reaction do carbonyl compounds undergo

Nucleophilic addition

Why can carbonyl compounds form racemic mixtures

The carbonyl carbon is planar

What reagent is used to reduce aldehydes and ketones

NaBH4 or LiAlH4

What is the nucleophile in the reduction on aldehydes and ketones

hydride ion (H-)

What does an idoform test test for

Methyl ketone group

What is the reagent in the idoform reaction

Iodine and warm NaOH

What smell occurs due to the idoform reaction

Antiseptic

What is the carboxylic acid functional group

COOH

How does hydrogen bonding affect carboxylic acids

Boiling temperatures and solubility

How can carboxylic acids be prepared

Oxidation of alcohols, hydrolysis of nitriles

What does the reduction of carboxylic acids produce

Primary alcohols

What reagent and condition are used to reduce carboxylic acids

LiAlH4 and dry ether

What reagent is used in the halogenation of carboxylic acids

PCl5

What reagent is used in the esterification of carboxylic acids

Alcohol

What catalyst is used is used in the esterification of carboxylic acids

Sulphuric acid

What is the functional group of an acyl chloride

COCl

How does an acyl chloride react with water

Vigorously

What does the reaction of an acyl chloride and water produce

Carboxylic acid and HCl

What does the reaction of acyl chlorides and alcohols form

Esters

What is the functional group of an ester

RCOOR

How are esters hydrolysed in acidic and alkaline solutions

Acidic - sulphuric acid used as a catalyst

Alkaline - 2 stage reaction, reacts with HCl in the second stage

How are polyesters formed

condensation polymerisation of a diol and a dicarboxylic acid

How is bonding in benzene represented

Circle inside a hexagon

Where do we get evidence for bonding in benzene

Hydrogenation of benzene, resistance to bromination,

Why is benzene resistant to bromination

There are no localised areas of high electron density, therefore preventing it from being able to polarise the bromine molecule.

Why does phenol undergo bromination much easier than benzene

The lone pair of electrons on the O in the hydroxyl group is donated to the benzene

What happens before benzene can react with bromine

Formation of the electrophile

What is the amine functional group

What is the amide functional group 

How can you identify amino acids

How are polyamides formed

dicarboxylic acid & diamines react to form amide links (peptide bond/link)

When is a peptide bond formed

When two amino acids are joined together by a condensation reaction

What can a peptide bond be hydrolysed to

How can an alkene become an alkane

H2, Nickel catalyst, 150 degrees

How can an alkene become a polymer

High temperature and pressure

How can an alkene become a diol

Acidified KMnO4, 20 degrees