AP Biology Unit 1: Chemistry of Life Flashcards

Individual molecules that are linked together to make polymers; examples include monosaccaharides, amino acids, and nucleotides        

monomer

The name for a carbonyl group found at the end of a carbon skeleton        

aldehyde

A type of nucleic acid that is responsible for storing genetic information; double stranded        

DNA

Bonds between fatty acid chains and a molecule of glycerol in a triglyceride        

ester linkage

A functional group that is utilized in the tertiary structure of proteins to help hold the 3-dimensional shape of the molecule; molecules that include these groups are called thiols       

sulfhydryl

A type of fat where there is one or more double bonds in the carbon skeleton; it is usually liquid at room temperature; it is mostly found in plant fats (ex. vegetable oil)        

unsaturated

Macromolecules made up of amino acids; carry out many functions in living organisms        

protein

The sugar in RNA        

ribose

A type of lipid that is composed of 4 fused carbon rings; examples are cholesterol and some types of hormones        

steroid

One of the four main macromolecules; responsible for long term energy storage        

lipid

A process that makes bonds; it takes water out and replaces the -H and -OH with a bond        

dehydration synthesis

A functional group; carbon double bonded to oxygen; -C=O        

carbonyl

A huge molecule composed of hundreds or thousands of monomers        

macromolecule

One of the four main macromolecules; responsible for long term energy storage        

lipid

The sugar in RNA       

ribose

A type of fat where there is one or more double bonds in the carbon skeleton; it is usually liquid at room temperature; it is mostly found in plant fats (ex. vegetable oil)        

unsaturated

These are molecules that can help a protein fold up into its tertiary or quaternary structure; they assist with forming the structure of the protein        

chaperone protein

A functional group found in amino acids: acts as a base; -NH₂        

amino group

Nitrogen base with a sugar attached to it        

nucleoside

This can happen to a protein when the temperature, salt concentration, or pH changes; it is when the protein loses its specific structure and therefore is not as functional        

denaturation

molecules that are made up of only hydrogen and carbon        

hydrocarbons

A functional group; carbon double bonded to oxygen; -C=O        

carbonyl

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but behave differently because their atoms are arranged in unique ways        

isomers

Nitrogen base with a sugar attached to it        

nucleoside

Polysaccharide responsible for structure in animals; found in exoskeletons        

chitin

A type of fat where there is one or more double bonds in the carbon skeleton; it is usually liquid at room temperature; it is mostly found in plant fats (ex. vegetable oil)        

unsaturated 

Bonds in carbohydrates between monosaccharides        

glycosidic linkage

One of the four main macromolecules whose function is to carry genetic information       

nucleic acid

monomer of proteins        

amino acid

A polysaccharide used by animals for storage        

glycogen

A polysaccharide; it functions in storage in plant cells       

starch

The bond that holds nucleotides together; it forms between the phosphaste of one nucleotide and the sugar of another        

phosphodiester linkage

A functional group that is utilized in the tertiary structure of proteins to help hold the 3-dimensional shape of the molecule; molecules that include these groups are called thiols       

sulfhydryl

Two monosaccharides linked together; examples are sucrose and maltose        

disaccharide

Functional group: carbonyl group found in the MIDDLE of a carbon chain        

ketone

Organic chemistry is currently defined as 

 

the study of carbon compounds

Which functional group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base? 

amino

The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the 

primary level

Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein? 

 

peptide bonds

Examples of monosaccharides

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

Examples of disaccharides

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose

Function of cellulose

Structural - found in plants

Function of chitin

Structure - found in fungi cell walls and exoskeleton of anthropods

Function of starch

Storage - found in plants

Function of glycogen

Storage - found in animals

Monomer of proteins

Amino acids

Bond between amino acids

Peptide bonds - between carboxyl and amino groups

Primary structure

String of amino acids

Primary structure bond

Peptide bonds between amino acids

Secondary structure

Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

Secondary structure bond

hydrogen bonds between backbone

Tertiary structure bond

Any (covalent, ionic, hydrogen, etc.) between R groups

Quaternary structure bond

Any (covalent, ionic, hydrogen, etc.) between R groups of different polypeptides

Nucleic acids monomer

Nucleotides

Nucleic acids bonds

Phosphodiester linkage (between phosphate and hydroxyl)