BIO 107: Unit 2 - Ch 9 Articulations

What is synarthrosis?

Which joint classification is immovable joints?

What is suture?

Which type of synarthrotic joint has:

• Bones interlocked

• Are bound by dense connective tissue

• Are found only in skull

What is gomphosis?

Which type of synarthrotic joint has:

• Fibrous connection (periodontal ligament)

• Binds teeth to sockets

What is synchondrosis?

Which type of synarthrotic joint has:

• Is a cartilaginous bridge between 2 bones

  • Between ribs and sternum

  • Metaphysis in children

What is amphiarthroses?

Which joint classification is slightly movable joints?

What is syndesmosis?

Which type of amphiarthrotic joint has:

• Interosseous ligaments

• Tib-fib joints

What is symphysis?

Which type of amphiarthrotic joint has:

• Bones separated by pads of fibrocartilage

• Pubic symphysis

• IVDs

What are synovial joints (diarthroses)?

Which joint classification is freely movable joints?

What are gliding joints?

Which type of synovial joint has:

• Flattened or slightly curved faces

• Limited motion (nonaxial)

What are hinge joints?

Which type of synovial joint has:

• Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial)

What are pivot joints?

Which type of synovial joint has:

• Rotation only (monaxial)

What are condyloid joints?

Which type of synovial joint has:

• Oval articular face within a depression

• Motion in 2 planes (biaxial)

What are saddle joints?

Which type of synovial joint has:

• 2 concave faces, straddled (biaxial)

What are ball-and-socket joints?

Which type of synovial joint has:

• Round articular face in a depression (triaxial)

What is an articular capsule?

Which type of synovial joint structure has:

• Fibrous capsule surrounding synovial joints

• Lined with a synovial membrane

What are articular cartilages?

Which type of synovial joint structure has:

• Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules to prevent bones from touching

• Resembles hyaline cartilage (contains water)

• Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid

What is synovial fluid?

Which type of synovial joint structure has:

• Contains slippery proteoglycans secreted by synovial membrane (fibroblasts)

• Functions of lubrication, nutrient distribution, shock absorption

What is meniscus?

Which type of synovial joint structure has:

• Cushion the joint

  • Fibrocartilage (articular disc)

  • Sits between bones

  • Ex. knee

What is fat pad?

Which type of synovial joint structure has:

• Superficial to the joint capsule

• Protects articular cartilages

• Act as “fill material”

What are ligaments?

Which type of synovial joint structure has:

• Support, strengthen joints

• Connect bone to bone

• Sprain - ligaments with torn collagen fibers

What are tendons?

Which type of synovial joint structure has:

• Attach to muscles around joint

• Help support joint

• Connect muscle to bone

• Strain - tear of muscle fibers/tendons

What is bursae?

Which type of synovial joint structure has:

• Pockets of synovial fluid

• Cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub

• Reduces friction

What is dislocation (luxation)?

Which type of injuries has:

• Articulating surfaces forced out of position

• Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule

What is subluxation?

Which type of injuries has:

• A partial dislocation

What is separation?

Which type of injuries has:

• Trauma to A-C joint

What is flexion?

Which synovial joint movement is:

• When angle of joint decreases

What is extension?

Which synovial joint movement is:

• When angle of joint increases

What is hyperextension?

Which synovial joint movement is:

• Extension past normal posture

What is adduction?

Which synovial joint movement is:

• Moves toward midline

What is abduction?

Which synovial joint movement is:

• Moves away from midline

What is medial rotation?

Which synovial joint movement is:

• Rotates toward axis (inward rotation)

What is lateral rotation?

Which synovial joint movement is:

• Rotates away from axis (outward rotation)

What is circumduction?

Which synovial joint movement is:

• Circular motion without rotation

• Hip, shoulder, thumb

What is pronation?

Which special movement is:

• Rotates foremen, radius over ulna

  • Turns palm downs

What is supination?

Which special movement is:

• Foremen in anatomical position

  • Turns palm up

What is opposition?

Which special movement is:

• Thumb movement toward little finger

What is inversion?

Which special movement is:

• Twists sole of foot medially (inward)

What is eversion?

Which special movement is:

• Twists sole of foot laterally (outward)

What is dorsiflexion?

Which special movement is:

• Flexion at ankle (lifting toe)

What is plantar flexion?

Which special movement is:

• Extension at ankle (pointing toes)

What is protraction?

Which special movement is:

• Moves anteriorly

• In the horizontal plane (pushing forward)

What is retraction?

Which special movement is:

• Opposite of protraction

• Moves posteriorly (pulling back)

What is elevation?

Which special movement is:

• Moves in superior direction (up)

What is depression?

Which special movement is:

• Moves in inferior direction (down)

What is lateral flexion?

Which special movement is:

• Bends vertebral column from side to side

What are scapula movements?

What are these movements of:

1. Elevation

2. Depression

3. Protraction

4. Retraction

5. Upward rotation

6. Downward rotation

What is a bulging disc?

Which type of damage to the intervertebral discs has:

• Bulge in annular fibers

• Can invade vertebral canal or IVF

• Protrusion

What is a herniated disc?

Which type of damage to the intervertebral discs has:

• Nuclear pulposus breaks through annular fibers

• Presses on spinal cord or spinal nerves

• Prolapse

What is rheumatism?

What is a pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems?

What is arthritis?

What are all forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of synovial joints?

What is osteoarthritis?

What is caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation?

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Which type of arthritis is:

• An inflammatory condition

• Caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune

• Involves the immune system

What is gouty arthritis?

Which type of arthritis is:

• Occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts)

  • Form within synovial fluid

  • Due to metabolic disorders

What is joint immobilization?

What reduces flow of synovial fluid, and can cause arthritis symptoms?

What is carpal tunnel?

What is a condition that causes numbness, tingling, and pain in the hand and forearm?

What spinal curves are present at birth?

When do the thoracic and sacral curvatures form?

What are the four spinal curves of the human body?

What are thoracic, sacral, cervical, and lumbar curvatures?