Chapter 3 Forming a New Life

Chapter 3 of Experience Human Development

Fertilization

union of sperm and ovum also called conception

Zygote

one-celled organism resulting from fertilization

Assisted Reproductive Technology

conception through artificial means

Dizygotic Twins

union of two different ova; with two different sperm cells. Called fraternal twins.

Monozygotic Twins

resulting from the division of a single zygote after fertilization. Also called Identical twins.

DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid

genetic material in al living cells. Chemical that carries inherited instruction for development of all cellular forms of life.

Chromosomes

coils of DNA that consist of smaller segments called genes.

Genes

functional units of heredity; small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes

Heredity

genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring

Human Genome

complete sequence of genes in the human body

Genetic Code

sequence of bases within the DNA molecule; governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functions of living cells.

Thymine

T in a DNA

Adenine

A in a DNA

Guanine

G in a DNA

Cytosine

C in a DNA

Meiosis

type of cell division that sex cells undergo when they are developing.

23 pairs of chromosomes; 46 in all

how many chromosomes does each cell in the human body have disregarding the sex cells

Mutations

permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics.

Mother or Genetic Female

contains “X” and “X” chromosomes

Father or Genetic Male

contains “X” and “Y” chromosomes

Autosomes

Twenty-two pairs out of the 23 pairs are chromosomes that are not related to sexual expression

Alleles

two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait

Homozygous

posses two identical alleles for a trait

Heterozygous

posses differing alleles for a trait

Dominant Inheritance

child receives different alleles but only the dominant one is expressed

Recessive Inheritance

child receives identical recessive alleles resulting in expression of a non dominant trait.

Polygenic Inheritance

interaction of several traits; where most traits result from. Multiple genes at different sites on chromosome affect a complex trait.

Phenotype

observable characteristics of a person

Genotype

genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics.

Multifactorial Transmission

combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits.

Epigenesis

Mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells.

Genome Imprinting

the differential expression of certain traits depending on which parent the trait was inherited from

Incomplete Dominance

pattern of inheritance which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait.

Sex-linked Inheritance

certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited differently to her male and female offspring.

Chromosomal Abnormalities

typically occur because of errors in cell division, resulitng in an extra or missing chromosome

Klinefelter Syndrome

caused by extra female sex chromosome (XXY)

Turner Syndrome

results from a missing sex chromosome (XO)

Down Syndrome

moderate-to-sever intellectual disability and by such physical signs as a downward-sloping skin fold at inner corners of the eyes. Also called Trisomy-21

extra 21st chromosome.

Genetic Counseling

clinical service that advises prospective partners of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects.

Behavioral Genetics

Quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior

Heritability

statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population

Concordant

tendency of twins to share same trait of disorder

Reaction Range

potential variability depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a hereditary trait

Canalization

limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics

Genotype-environment Range

portion of phenotypic variation that results from reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions

Genotype-environment Correlation

tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other; may it be passive, reactive (evocative), or active. Also called genotype-environment covariance

Passive Correlations

not only inherit genes from your biological parents but also inherit from environment

Reactive, or Evocative Correlations

Children with differing genetic makeups evoke different reactions from others

Active Correlations

Children get older and more freedom, choose their own activities and environments, select or create experiences consistent with their genetic tendencies.

Niche-picking

tendency to seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype.

Nonshared Environmental Effects

unique environment which a child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another.

Obesity

extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, height, and body type.

Is a Multifactorial Condition

Temperament

one’s characteristic disposition, is largely inborn and consistent over the years, but it may respond to special experiences or parental handling.

Schizophrenia

mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; symptoms include hallucinations and delusions

Gestation

period of development between conception and birth

Gestational Age

age of unborn baby; usually dated frim the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle

Germinal Stage

first 2 weeks of prenatal development

Embryonic Stage

second stage of gestation, weeks 2- 8

Fetal Stage

final stage of gestation, from 8 weeks to birth

Cephalocaudal Principle

upper parts of the body develop before the lower parts of the trunk

Proximodistal Principle

the parts of of the body near the center develop before the extremities

Implantation

attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, occurring at about day 6

Spontaneous Abortion

natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb.

Also called Miscarriage

Teratogen

environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

combination of mental,, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy.

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

viral disease that undermines effective functioning of the immune system.

23.6%

percent of any single trial of ART resulted in a successful pregnancy in 2019

Artificial Insemination

The simplest form of ART

in which sperm is injected into a woman’s vagina, cervix, or uterus.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

another common method of ART

a woman’s ova are surgically removed, fertilized in a laboratory dish, and implanted in the woman’s uterus

Birth Disorders

the leading cause of infant death in the United States, accounting for 21 percent of infant deaths

ultrasound

the use of high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of the fetus

pandemic

An epidemic or disease spread across multiple countries or continents.

COVID-19

A novel coronavirus disease causing fatigue, loss of sense of smell, fever, and respiratory distress; the source of the 2019 pandemic.

coronaviruses

A large family of respiratory viruses, including those that cause the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19

stress

(1) Physical or psychological demands on a person or organism. (2) Response to physical or psychological demands.

Embryoscopy

the insertion of a tiny viewing scope into the mother’s uterus through the abdominal wall for a direct look at the embryo

99%

About 810 women die each day from childbirth related complications, with ________ percent of these deaths occurring in low-resource areas

40%

In low-income countries, only ______ percent of women receive the minimum World Health Organization standard of four visits