Chapter 3 Forming a New Life

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Chapter 3 of Experience Human Development

78 Terms

1

Fertilization

union of sperm and ovum also called conception

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2

Zygote

one-celled organism resulting from fertilization

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3

Assisted Reproductive Technology

conception through artificial means

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4

Dizygotic Twins

union of two different ova; with two different sperm cells. Called fraternal twins.

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5

Monozygotic Twins

resulting from the division of a single zygote after fertilization. Also called Identical twins.

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6

DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid

genetic material in al living cells. Chemical that carries inherited instruction for development of all cellular forms of life.

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7

Chromosomes

coils of DNA that consist of smaller segments called genes.

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8

Genes

functional units of heredity; small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes

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9

Heredity

genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring

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10

Human Genome

complete sequence of genes in the human body

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11

Genetic Code

sequence of bases within the DNA molecule; governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functions of living cells.

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12

Thymine

T in a DNA

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13

Adenine

A in a DNA

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14

Guanine

G in a DNA

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15

Cytosine

C in a DNA

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16

Meiosis

type of cell division that sex cells undergo when they are developing.

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17

23 pairs of chromosomes; 46 in all

how many chromosomes does each cell in the human body have disregarding the sex cells

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18

Mutations

permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics.

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19

Mother or Genetic Female

contains “X” and “X” chromosomes

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20

Father or Genetic Male

contains “X” and “Y” chromosomes

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21

Autosomes

Twenty-two pairs out of the 23 pairs are chromosomes that are not related to sexual expression

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22

Alleles

two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait

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23

Homozygous

posses two identical alleles for a trait

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24

Heterozygous

posses differing alleles for a trait

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25

Dominant Inheritance

child receives different alleles but only the dominant one is expressed

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26

Recessive Inheritance

child receives identical recessive alleles resulting in expression of a non dominant trait.

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27

Polygenic Inheritance

interaction of several traits; where most traits result from. Multiple genes at different sites on chromosome affect a complex trait.

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28

Phenotype

observable characteristics of a person

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29

Genotype

genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics.

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30

Multifactorial Transmission

combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits.

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31

Epigenesis

Mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells.

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32

Genome Imprinting

the differential expression of certain traits depending on which parent the trait was inherited from

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33

Incomplete Dominance

pattern of inheritance which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait.

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34

Sex-linked Inheritance

certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited differently to her male and female offspring.

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35

Chromosomal Abnormalities

typically occur because of errors in cell division, resulitng in an extra or missing chromosome

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36

Klinefelter Syndrome

caused by extra female sex chromosome (XXY)

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37

Turner Syndrome

results from a missing sex chromosome (XO)

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38

Down Syndrome

moderate-to-sever intellectual disability and by such physical signs as a downward-sloping skin fold at inner corners of the eyes. Also called Trisomy-21

extra 21st chromosome.

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39

Genetic Counseling

clinical service that advises prospective partners of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects.

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40

Behavioral Genetics

Quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior

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41

Heritability

statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population

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42

Concordant

tendency of twins to share same trait of disorder

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43

Reaction Range

potential variability depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a hereditary trait

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44

Canalization

limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics

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45

Genotype-environment Range

portion of phenotypic variation that results from reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions

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46

Genotype-environment Correlation

tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other; may it be passive, reactive (evocative), or active. Also called genotype-environment covariance

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47

Passive Correlations

not only inherit genes from your biological parents but also inherit from environment

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48

Reactive, or Evocative Correlations

Children with differing genetic makeups evoke different reactions from others

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49

Active Correlations

Children get older and more freedom, choose their own activities and environments, select or create experiences consistent with their genetic tendencies.

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50

Niche-picking

tendency to seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype.

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51

Nonshared Environmental Effects

unique environment which a child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another.

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52

Obesity

extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, height, and body type.

Is a Multifactorial Condition

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53

Temperament

one’s characteristic disposition, is largely inborn and consistent over the years, but it may respond to special experiences or parental handling.

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54

Schizophrenia

mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; symptoms include hallucinations and delusions

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55

Gestation

period of development between conception and birth

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56

Gestational Age

age of unborn baby; usually dated frim the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle

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57

Germinal Stage

first 2 weeks of prenatal development

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58

Embryonic Stage

second stage of gestation, weeks 2- 8

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59

Fetal Stage

final stage of gestation, from 8 weeks to birth

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60

Cephalocaudal Principle

upper parts of the body develop before the lower parts of the trunk

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61

Proximodistal Principle

the parts of of the body near the center develop before the extremities

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62

Implantation

attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, occurring at about day 6

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63

Spontaneous Abortion

natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb.

Also called Miscarriage

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64

Teratogen

environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities

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65

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

combination of mental,, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy.

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66

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

viral disease that undermines effective functioning of the immune system.

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67

23.6%

percent of any single trial of ART resulted in a successful pregnancy in 2019

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68

Artificial Insemination

The simplest form of ART

in which sperm is injected into a woman’s vagina, cervix, or uterus.

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69

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

another common method of ART

a woman’s ova are surgically removed, fertilized in a laboratory dish, and implanted in the woman’s uterus

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70

Birth Disorders

the leading cause of infant death in the United States, accounting for 21 percent of infant deaths

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71

ultrasound

the use of high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of the fetus

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72

pandemic

An epidemic or disease spread across multiple countries or continents.

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73

COVID-19

A novel coronavirus disease causing fatigue, loss of sense of smell, fever, and respiratory distress; the source of the 2019 pandemic.

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74

coronaviruses

A large family of respiratory viruses, including those that cause the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19

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75

stress

(1) Physical or psychological demands on a person or organism. (2) Response to physical or psychological demands.

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76

Embryoscopy

the insertion of a tiny viewing scope into the mother’s uterus through the abdominal wall for a direct look at the embryo

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77

99%

About 810 women die each day from childbirth related complications, with ________ percent of these deaths occurring in low-resource areas

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78

40%

In low-income countries, only ______ percent of women receive the minimum World Health Organization standard of four visits

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