forensics

the total amount of dna in a cell

genome

An organized structure of dna and protein found in cells that contains the genetic code of an individual

Chromosome

A molecule labeled with a radioactive isotope, dye or enzyme, that is used to locate a particular sequence or gene on a DNA molecule, is called a

DNA probe

A method of separating DNA fragments according to the size and charge using an electric current passed through a gel containing the samples

electrophoresis

A special protein that targets a specific base sequence and cuts DNA into smaller fragments.

Restriction Enzyme

The pattern of DNA fragments obtained by examining a person's unique sequence of DNA base pairs

DNA fingerprints

A segment of DNA in a chromosome that contains information used to produce a protein

Gene 

DNA is found in what two organelles? 

Nucleus and mitochondria 

The sugar in DNA

deoxyribose

mitochondrial DNA

circular loo, inherited only from mother

steps of DNA fingerprinting

1. Extraction 

2. DNA into fragments 

3. Amplification uses PCR

4. Electrophoresis 

DNA Fingerprinting can

• match crime scene DNA w suspect 

• eliminate a suspect 

• determine maternity, paternity or match relative 

prior to DNA, fingerprinting ___ is used

PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction

the technique used by biologists to make many copies of a particular gene

Primers

short segment of DNA that guide DNA polymerase to the section of DNA to copy

The polymerase chain reaction

• Denaturation, annealing, elongation

When glass cools, the atoms become locked in a ____ state (like a liquid) b4 they can form into a perfect crystal arrangement. We call this random arrangement pattern called ____

Disordered, amorphous

Soda-lime glass

• contains sodium compounds and calcium 

• most common 

Pyrex

used in ovenware and laboratory glassware; able to withstand a wide range of temperatures. 

Crystal or leaded glass

• glass is denser, which causes it to sparkle

• lead oxide 

Mass can be determined by using

blance

volume can be determined by using water ____ in a graduated cylinder

displacement

bending of light, causes a change in the direction of light

refraction

measures how light bends as it passes from one substance onto another

refractive index

can provide clues about the direction and rate of impact 

fracture patterns 

radical fractures

radiare out from point of impact

concentric fractures

circle around the point of impact

heat causes glass to have __ patterns

wavy

as aa bullet passes through the glass, it pushes some glass ahead of it causing___

cone-shaped piece of flass

is the entrance or exit hole larger of a bullet? 

exit 

__ bullet holes signify the shooter was perpendicular to the glass 

round 

__ patterns will be irregular depending on if the shooter was to the left or right 

oval

teeth are composed of what?

calcium and phosphorus

baby teeth don’t have..

Pre-molars

patent impressions

visible, two-dimensional impressions produces as an object moves through soil, dust, paint, blood, and leaves a trace 

latent impressions

hidden to the naked eye but can be visualized through the use of dusting or electrostatic techniques 

Data bases contain __ patterns used. By different manufacturers, and often can be traced down to retailers which sell the shoe 

tread 

a shoe impression can help an investigator determine the foot size and the possible and_ of a person 

height and weight 

information can be obtained from a shoe impression

• Side of person's foot

• Persons weight

• Information on the persons job or personality

• Information about the buyer

Electrostatic lifting 

aggressive technique to recover impression, normally on tile, wood, etc. 

Poor impressions may have to be enhanced by 

forensic photography and physical methods 

gait

medical term to describe human locomotion or the way we walk

double support

period of time when both feet are in contact with the ground

peculiar features

sometimes required to determine whether a person was walking, running, or standing 

tire groove

a depression in the tread pattern

tire rib

a ridge running down the tread area around the circumference of the tire

tire ridge

the elevated area on the tread pattern (everything that’s not the groove)

track width

the distance from the center of the tread pattern on the left tire to the center of the tread pattern on the corresponding right tire

wheel base 

the distance from the center of the front axle on a vehicle to the center of the rear axle 

Turning diameter

a measure of how tight a circle can be driven by a vehicle 

tire marks can also give clues to __ and _ of the vehicle

speed, direction

_ marks form when a driver slams on the brakes suddenly

skid

___ marks, sideways skid marks, produced when a vehicle turns faster that it can handle

yaw 

Tire ___ often are accompanied by smoke and squeal sounds.

scrubs

Tire ___ often are accompanied by smoke and squeal sounds.

tread patterns

Outer side is called ___ side, faces outward

label

Inner side is called the ___ side, not visible

serial 

retread tired 

primarily used for commercial or fleet vehicles in the United States 

chromatography

a technique that separates the components of a mixture by using a moving "mobile phase" to pass a sample through a stationary "stationary phase".

What of the following physical properties of glass can help to distinguish it? 

• Index and density 

Primary ingredient of glass 

silica

Mitochondrial DNa is distinguished from nucleus DNA from 

maternal inheritance, circular structure, location in the mitochondria, and higher mutation rate. Nuclear DNA is linear, inherited from both parents, located in the nucleus, and has a lower mutation rate. 

Which of the following is true about gel electrophoresis 

smaller moves faster 

DNA saliva is what type of evidence? 

biological, individual evidence

Molecule labeled with a radioactive isotope, like dye

DNA probe

pattern of dna fragments obtained by examining a person's unique sequence of dna base pairs

DNA fingerprint or DNA profile.

a segment of dna in a crhomosome that contains information used to produce a protein

gene 

dennis radar

wrote letters

all of the following may be obtained from footwear impressions except?

the exact time of the crime or the specific model of the shoe.

DNA evidence

biological or individual