eXAM 3

Ego

________- the part of the mind that serves as a realistic mediator between the id and superego.

Electra

________ complex- The childhood experience of desiring the father and resenting the mother.

Oedipus

________ complex- The childhood experience of desiring the mother and resenting the father.

Aggression Behavior

________ intended to cause harm or death.

Supergo

________- the part of the mind that opposes the id by enforcing rules, restrictions, and morality.

Immune

________ system- The bodys innate method of defending against bacteria, viruses, infections, injuries, and anything else that could cause illness or death.

Prejudice

________- An often negative attitude toward a social group that is formed before getting to know group members.

Obedience

________- Changes in an individuals behavior to comply with the demands of an authority figure.

General Adaptation Syndrome

________- A widely accepted understanding of the way the body responds to ongoing stress, consisting of the sequence of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Freudian

________ slips- Verbal or behavioral mistakes that reveal unconscious thoughts or wishes.

Rorschach

________ inkblot technique- A projective personality test in which the client responds to 10 inkblot images.

Social Psychology

________- (1) A basic research specialization in which psychologists focus on how people think about, influence, and relate to each other.

Stereotype

________- Beliefs about a groups characteristics that are applied very generally, and often inaccurately, to group members.

Reciprocal determinism

________- The theory that three factors- behavior, environment, and cognitions- continually influence each other.

Attitude

________- A viewpoint, often influenced by both thoughts and emotions, that affects a persons responses to people, things, or situations.

Altruism

________- Completely unselfish concern for others.

Psychophysiological illnesses

________- Any illness that stress can cause, worsen, or maintain.

Bystander

________ effect- The decrease in likelihood that one person will help another person caused by the presence of others also available to help.

high levels

Type A- personality featuring ________ of competitiveness, drive, impatience, and hostility.

MMPI

________- 2- A widely used and respected objective personality test that emphasizes mental disorders.

Psychopharmacology

________: The treatment of psychological disorders with medications.

Abraham Maslow

________- Developed the hierarchy of needs theory, which describes human motivation as a progression from basic physiological needs to higher- level psychological needs.

Incongruence

________- A mismatch between your real self and your ideal self.

Ingroup

________ vs. outgroup- A social group to which a person believes he or she belongs " (us)

D

Type ________ personalities- personality featuring high levels of negative emotions, like depression and anxiety, and a reluctance to share those emotions with others.

Medical student

________ syndrome: A psychological phenomenon where ________ begin to experience symptoms of the diseases they are studying.

Cognitive dissonance

________- The discomfort caused by having an attitude that contradicts another attitude or a behavior.

individual performance

Social loafing- A decrease in ________ when tasks are done in groups.

Mood

________ stabilizing drugs: medications that are used to treat bipolar disorder and stabilize ________ swings.

Eclectic Approach

________: A type of psychotherapy that combines different therapeutic techniques based on the individual's needs.

Alberta Banner Turner

________, Ph.D.- A professional with a Doctor of Philosophy degree in psychology, who may have expertise in various subfields of psychology, such as clinical psychology, social psychology, cognitive psychology, or developmental psychology.

Id

________- the animalistic part of the mind that generates our most basic, biologically based impulses, such as sex and aggression.

Optimism

________- An attitude toward the future characterized by hope or expectation of a positive outcome.

Therapeutic alliance

________: The relationship between the therapist and the client, which is essential to the success of therapy.

Deindividuation

________- A loss of identity and accountability experienced by individuals in groups that can lead to atypical behavior.

Flight

________- or- ________ response- An automatic emotional and physical reaction to a perceived threat that prepares one to either attack it or run away from it.

Positive regard

________- Warmth, acceptance, and love from those around a person.

Defense mechanisms

________: repression, denial, displacement, sublimation.

best solution

Groupthink- A phenomenon that occurs when group members value getting along with each other more than finding the ________.

Attraction

________: Proximity and mere exposure, physical attractiveness, similarity, reciprocal liking.

Hardiness

________- Behaviors that reflect resilience under stressful circumstances.

Conformity

________- Changes in an individuals behavior to correspond to the behavior of a group of other people.

Conditions of worth

________- Requirements that you must meet to earn a persons positive regard.

Schizophrenia

________: A severe mental disorder characterized by symptoms such as psychosis, hallucinations, delusions, flat affect, and cognitive symptoms.

Abnormality

________: A deviation from what is considered normal or typical behavior.

Electroconvulsive Therapy

________ (ECT)- A biomedical therapy for severe disorders in which an electric current passes through the brain of the client.

Primary appraisal

________ and secondary appraisal- The way you determine how stressful an event is to you and The way you determine how capable you are of coping with an event.

Integrative Approach

________: A type of psychotherapy that combines different theoretical perspectives and therapeutic techniques.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

________ (PTSD)- A psychological disorder lasting at least a month characterized by feeling continuously on edge, avoiding reminders of the traumatic event, having difficulty sleeping and concentrating, and frequently recalling or reliving the event.

Primary appraisal and secondary appraisal

The way you determine how stressful an event is to you and The way you determine how capable you are of coping with an event

Health Psychology

A basic research specialization in which psychologists focus on the relationship between mind and body

General Adaptation Syndrome

A widely accepted understanding of the way the body responds to ongoing stress, consisting of the sequence of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Stages

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion -

Psychophysiological illnesses

Any illness that stress can cause, worsen, or maintain

Type A

personality featuring high levels of competitiveness, drive, impatience, and hostility

Type B

personality in which the person is noncompetitive, easygoing, relaxed, and rarely angry

Type C

personality featuring a low level of emotional expression, a high level of agreeableness with other people, and a tendency to feel helpless

Type D personalities

personality featuring high levels of negative emotions, like depression and anxiety, and a reluctance to share those emotions with others

Coping

Efforts to reduce or manage an experience of stress

Problem-focused coping

A style of coping with stress that emphasizes changing the stressor itself

emotion-focused coping

A style of coping with stress that emphasizes changing your emotional reaction to the stressor

Hardiness

Behaviors that reflect resilience under stressful circumstances

Optimism

An attitude toward the future characterized by hope or expectation of a positive outcome

Personality

A persons distinctive and stable way of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Unconscious

Mental activity of which the person is unaware

Freudian slips

Verbal or behavioral mistakes that reveal unconscious thoughts or wishes

Id

the animalistic part of the mind that generates our most basic, biologically based impulses, such as sex and aggression

Ego

the part of the mind that serves as a realistic mediator between the id and superego

Supergo

the part of the mind that opposes the id by enforcing rules, restrictions, and morality

defense mechanisms

repression, denial, displacement, sublimation

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Freuds five biologically based developmental stages of childhood, during which personality characteristics are formed

Oral stage

which takes place from birth to about 18 months and focuses on the psychological consequences of feeding behavior

anal stage

which lasts from about age 18 months to about age 3, and focuses on the psychological consequences of toilet training

phallic stage

which runs from 3 to 6 years old and focuses on the psychological consequences of attraction to the opposite-sex parent

latency stage

which lasts through the elementary school years, when the childs energies are focused primarily on school and other tasks that have little to do with sexual or bodily issues

Genital stage

which lasts from puberty through adulthood and focuses on mature, adult sexual relationships

Fixation

Freuds term for a lingering psychological problem directly related to unsuccessful experience of a particular psychosexual stage

Oedipus complex

The childhood experience of desiring the mother and resenting the father

Electra complex

The childhood experience of desiring the father and resenting the mother

Humanistic Theory of Personality

A theory based on the ideas of Carl Rogers that emphasizes peoples inherent tendencies toward healthy, positive growth and self-fulfillment

Carl Rogers

Developed the humanistic approach to psychology, which emphasizes empathy, unconditional positive regard, and the importance of the client-therapist relationship in facilitating personal growth and self-actualization

Abraham Maslow

Developed the hierarchy of needs theory, which describes human motivation as a progression from basic physiological needs to higher-level psychological needs

positive regard

Warmth, acceptance, and love from those around a person

conditions of worth

Requirements that you must meet to earn a persons positive regard

real self

The version of yourself that you actually experience in day-to-day life

ideal self

the self-actualized version of yourself that you naturally strive to become

Self-concept

Your view of who you are

Incongruence

A mismatch between your real self and your ideal self

congruence

A match between your real self and your ideal self

Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality

A theory that emphasizes the interaction of environment, thought processes, and social factors

Reciprocal determinism

The theory that three factors-behavior, environment, and cognitions-continually influence each other

Self-efficacy

Your beliefs about your own capabilities

Trait theory of Personality

A theory that emphasizes the discovery and description of the basic components of personality

Five-Factor Model of Personality

An explanation of personality that emphasizes five fundamental traits present in all people to varying degrees

(Big Five)

neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, agreeableness

Objective Personality Tests

Personality tests in which the client responds to a standardized set of questions, usually in multiple-choice or true-false format

MMPI-2

A widely used and respected objective personality test that emphasizes mental disorders

Projective Personality Tests

Personality tests in which clients respond to ambiguous stimuli in a free-form way

Rorschach inkblot technique

A projective personality test in which the client responds to 10 inkblot images

Social Psychology

(1) A basic research specialization in which psychologists focus on how people think about, influence, and relate to each other