metabolism
sum total of all chemical reactions
catabolism
complex to simple
anabolism
simple to complex
coupled reactions
catabolism provides energy for anabolic reactions
how is ATP generated?
by phosphorylation of ADP with the input of energy
role of ATP in coupling and catabolism reactions
catabolism release energy, energy stored in ATP, anabolism uses energy, energy is released and creates ADP
enzyme
biological catalysts, specific substrate, low activation energy
cofactor
non protein component
coenzyme
organic molecule
influencing factors of enzyme activity
temperature, ph, substrate concentration, inhibitors
competitive inhibitors
Fill the active site of an enzyme \n and compete with the substrate
noncompetitive inhibitors
Interact with another part of the \n enzyme called allosteric \n inhibition
ribozymes
function as catalysts by binding to \n substrates and acting upon them
oxidation
removal of electrons
Reduction
gain of electrons
Redox reaction
an oxidation reaction paired with a \n reduction reaction
phosphorylation
Pi + ADP= ATP
Substrate-level phosphorylation
ATP is generated when high-energy is added to ADP
Oxidation phosphorylation
\n Electrons are transferred from one electron carrier to \n another along an electron transport chain
Photophosphorylation
Uses light energy
hree principle stages of carbohydrate catbolism
Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, and electron transport system
Glycolysis
Breakdowns glucose into two pyruvate \n molecules (2 NADH are produced)
Krebs cycle
\n Pyruvate is oxidized and \n decarboxylation occurs leaving acetyl \n CoA and NADH
Electron transport chain
\n Series of carrier molecules are oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain