Chapter 5 microbiology

metabolism

sum total of all chemical reactions

catabolism

complex to simple

anabolism

simple to complex

coupled reactions

catabolism provides energy for anabolic reactions

how is ATP generated?

by phosphorylation of ADP with the input of energy

role of ATP in coupling and catabolism reactions

catabolism release energy, energy stored in ATP, anabolism uses energy, energy is released and creates ADP

enzyme

biological catalysts, specific substrate, low activation energy

cofactor

non protein component

coenzyme

organic molecule

influencing factors of enzyme activity

temperature, ph, substrate concentration, inhibitors

competitive inhibitors

Fill the active site of an enzyme \n and compete with the substrate

noncompetitive inhibitors

Interact with another part of the \n enzyme called allosteric \n inhibition

ribozymes

function as catalysts by binding to \n substrates and acting upon them

oxidation

removal of electrons

Reduction

gain of electrons

Redox reaction

an oxidation reaction paired with a \n reduction reaction

phosphorylation

Pi + ADP= ATP

Substrate-level phosphorylation

ATP is generated when high-energy is added to ADP

Oxidation phosphorylation

\n Electrons are transferred from one electron carrier to \n another along an electron transport chain

Photophosphorylation

Uses light energy

hree principle stages of carbohydrate catbolism

Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, and electron transport system

Glycolysis

Breakdowns glucose into two pyruvate \n molecules (2 NADH are produced)

Krebs cycle

\n Pyruvate is oxidized and \n decarboxylation occurs leaving acetyl \n CoA and NADH

Electron transport chain

\n Series of carrier molecules are oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain