Chemistry T4 2025

What is the formula and charge of copper (II) ion?

Cu²⁺

What is the formula and charge of iron (II) ion?

Fe²⁺

What is the formula and charge of iron (III) ion?

Fe³⁺

What is the formula and charge of lead (II) ion?

Pb²⁺

What is the formula and charge of silver ion?

Ag⁺

What is the formula and charge of zinc ion?

Zn²⁺

What is the formula and charge of hydroxide ion?

OH⁻

What is the formula and charge of nitrate ion?

NO₃⁻

What is the formula and charge of sulfate ion?

SO₄²⁻

What is the formula and charge of carbonate ion?

CO₃²⁻

What is the formula and charge of phosphate ion?

PO₄³⁻

What is the formula and charge of ammonium ion?

NH₄⁺

What are the 7 diatomic elements?

hydrogen (H₂), nitrogen (N₂), oxygen (O₂), fluorine (F₂), chlorine (Cl₂), bromine (Br₂), and iodine (I₂)

covalent bond

a type of chemical bond that occurs between non-metal atoms

ion

an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and is electrically charged

ionic bond

a type of chemical bond that occurs between oppositely-charged ions

polyatomic ion

a group of covalently-bonded atoms that is electrically charged

product

a substance that is produced during a chemical reaction

reactant

a substance that undergoes change during a chemical reaction

valence electron

an electron that occupies the outermost energy level of an atom

Law of conservation of mass

mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction

complete combustion reaction

fuel + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

8 Observable Features of Chemical Change

colour change, temperature change, formation of a solid, production of an odour, precipitation, apparent disappearance, burning, effervescence

Ionic compound elements

metal + non-metal

Ionic structure

crystalline lattice

Covalent elements

non-metal + non-metal

Covalent structure

separate (discrete) molecules

Metallic elements

metals only

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Discrete molecules meaning

separate small molecules not a lattice

Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?

strong attraction in lattice

Why covalent has low melting point

weak forces between molecules