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Combined Development
Merging advanced technology with low-paid, disciplined labor
Neoliberalism
Political assault on regulatory responsibilities and capacities of the state by powerful corporate polluters
Push Factors
Forcing capital out of a region due to social, political, economic, and environmental conditions
Pull Factors
Conditions attracting capital into a region, positively affecting capital and profits
Cost of Labor-Power
Includes benefits, individual, and social wages
Labor Discipline
Involves unions, labor productivity, and militancy
Labor Skills and Education Levels
Differentiates between unskilled, semi-skilled, or skilled labor
Occupational Health and Safety
Refers to the level of regulation around worker safety
Supplies and Costs of Natural Resources
Availability and affordability influencing investment decisions
Costs of Environmental Policy
Expenses associated with complying or not complying with environmental regulations
Ecological Degradation & Crises
Environmental degradation or crises affecting capital and profits
Anthropogenic Climate Change
Human-caused climate change leading to planetary emergency
Neoliberal Capitalist Development
Increasing social and ecological impoverishment, rendering masses more vulnerable to climate change
Externality Theory
Corporations externalizing environmental costs onto the public rather than investing in environmental protection
Negative Externalities
Corporations externalizing environmental costs onto the public rather than investing in environmental protection
Class Power and Externalities
Revealing power dynamics among the state, capital, and the people in capitalist production
Economic Efficiency vs Political Expediency
Strategies based on available technologies, commodity type, and cost vs. social opposition
Geographic Displacement
Relocating negative externalities to another geographic location to overcome political opposition
Temporal Displacement
Evasion of social opposition by displacing externalities to manifest in the distant future
Demographic Displacement
Targeting communities with less political-economic power or control capacity to avoid opposition
Jurisdictional Displacement
Locating offending facilities in jurisdictions separate from the impacted population
Observer Avoidance Displacement
Displacing externalities in ways that render them invisible
Regulatory Avoidance Displacement
Shifting to alternative strategies not yet regulated when facing regulation
Commodity Displacement
Transforming an externality into a commodity sellable in the market
Dilution/Dispersion Displacement
Permitting the release of toxic chemicals and pollutants into the environment at 'acceptable levels'
Greenwashing
Misleading consumers regarding environmental practices or benefits of a company or product
Seven Sins Of Greenwashing
Misleading claims including hidden trade-offs, no proof, vague claims, irrelevance, lesser of two evils, lies or fibs, and fake labels
Pinkwashing
Claiming to care about breast cancer while manufacturing products linked to the disease
Polluter-Industrial Complex
Organizational infrastructure discrediting environmental movement and dismantling state programs for environmental justice
Uneven Development
Historically produced spatial disparities in industry, banking, wealth, labor relations, and political setups