Medical Terminology: Cardiovascular System

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87 Terms

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What is included in the cardiovascular system?

Heart, blood vessels, arteries, capillaries, and veins

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Endocardium

Innermost layer that lines the heart and heart valves

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Myocardium

Muscular layer

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Pericardium

-Outermost layer

-Membrane that surrounds the heart as the pericardial sac and secretes pericardial fluid

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Function of cardiovascular system

-Circulates blood and delivers O2 and nutrients to cells

-Disposes of waste products

-Aids lymphatic system in circulating substances

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What is the main function of the heart?

Pump blood through blood vessels to all the cells of the body.

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What heart structures control blood flow to and from the heart?

Heart valves

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Angi/o

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

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aneurysm/o

widened blood vessel

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aort/o

aorta

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arteri/o

artery

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arteriol/o

arteriole

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ather/o

fatty plaque

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atri/o

atrium

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cardi/o, coron/o

heart

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phleb/o, ven/o

vein

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thromb/o

blood clot

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varic/o

dilated vein

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vas/0

vessel; vas deferens; duct

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-cardia

heart condition

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-gram

record, writing

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-graph

instrument for recording

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-megaly

enlargment

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-graphy

process of recording

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-oma

tumor

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-stenosis

narrowing, stricture

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-ectasis

dilation, expansion

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rapid heart rate

tachy/cardia

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suture of a widened blood vessel

aneurysm/o/rrhaphy

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inflammation of an arteriole

arteriol/itis

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pertaining to the atrium and ventricle

Atri/o/ventricul/ar

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abnormal condition of fatty plaque heardening

ather/o/scler/osis

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destruction of loosening of a thrombus

thromb/o/lysis

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tumor of fatty plaque

ather/oma

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narrowing or stricture of an artery

arteri/o/stenosis

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medical specialist in the heart

cardi/o/logist

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enlargement of the heart

cardi/o.megaly

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process of recording electrical activity of the heart

electr/o.cardi/o/graphy

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excision of an embolus

embol/ectomy

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Deep Vein thrombosis (DVT) signs and symptoms

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Deep Vein thrombosis (DVT) treatment

§Anticoagulants

–Prevent future thrombi formation.

§Thrombolytics

Dissolve blood clots.

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Coronary Artery disease (CAD) signs and symptoms

§Angina

§Shortness of breath (SOB)

§Accumulation of plaque in arterial walls causing them to harden.

§Complete blockage of arterial wall caused by blood clot formation or ruptured plaque.

§Pieces of plaque break free, travel to the brain, and block blood vessels that supply blood to the brain.

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Coronary Artery disease risk factors

–Smoking

–Hypertension, stress

–Physical inactivity

–Family history

–Diabetes

–Obesity

–High cholesterol

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Coronary Artery disease treatment

§Lifestyle changes—quit smoking, low-fat diet, regular exercise, weight reduction, and stress reduction.

§Pharmacological treatment to control angina, hypertension, triglyceride levels, and blood clots.

§Surgical intervention includes percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA).

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Lack of oxygen in the heart

pectoris

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Mr. S complains of chest pain, nausea, and SOB. A diagnostic test to record electrical activity of his heart is ordered.

4.electrocardiogram (ECG) or electrocardiography (ECG).

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PTCA abbreviation

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

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Aneurysm sign and symptoms

§Local dilation of an artery or chamber of the heart caused by weakening of its walls.

§May cause thrombus formation, hemorrhage from rupture, or ischemia.

§Fusiform—dilation of entire circumference of artery.

§Saccular—shaped like a sac, bulging on only one side of arterial wall.

§Dissecting—inner layer tear (dissection) causes a cavity to form that fills with blood with each heartbeat.

§Three common types: abdominal, thoracic, and peripheral artery aneurysms.

§May be asymptomatic, but if the person is slender, a pulsating middle and upper abdominal mass may be detected on routine physical examination.

§Symptoms may include mild to severe weakness, sweating, tachycardia, and hypotension.

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Aneurysm treatment

§Depends on the size, location, and likelihood of rupture of the aneurysm and the general physical status of the individual.

§Most are treated surgically.

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An aneurysm may cause weakness, sweating, tachycardia, and low blood pressure, also known as

hypotension

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Mr. J is advised that he needs to have an
aneurysm removed. The surgical procedure
to excise an aneurysm is known as a/an

aneurysmectomy

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During surgery, the physician discovers a
spindle-shaped aneurysm in the patient’s
artery. This type of aneurysm is known as
a/an

fusiform

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varicose veins signs and symptoms

§Defective or incompetent valves in veins prevent blood from flowing freely toward the heart.

–Buildup of pressure in superficial veins causes varicosities.

§Could be due to inherited defect or to venous diseases.

§May occur from conditions such as pregnancy or jobs requiring prolonged standing or heavy lifting.

§Person may be asymptomatic even though the varicose vein condition is severe.

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Varicose veins signs

§Swollen, tortuous, and knotted veins usually occur in the lower legs.

§As condition progresses, veins thicken and feel hard to the touch.

§Develop gradually, with a feeling of fatigue in the legs followed by a dull ache.

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Varicose Veins treatment

§Compression stockings.

§Sclerotherapy—injection into varicose veins with a solution that scars and closes the veins.

§Laser—laser treatments use strong bursts of light into the vein to close off varicose veins to make the vein slowly fade and disappear.

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Pulmonary embolism sign and symptoms

§Blood clot (embolism) lodges in and occludes an artery in the pulmonary vasculature  (as shown in the illustration).

§Depend on size and location of embolus.

§Symptoms do not appear until the embolism has lodged in an artery and interrupts blood flow.

§Patient with small uncomplicated embolism experiences a cough, chest pain, and a low-grade fever.

§Patient with a more extensive infarction experiences dyspnea, tachypnea (with respiratory rate of at least 20 breaths/min), chest pain, and occasionally hemoptysis.

§Massive embolism leads to onset of cyanosis, shock, and death.

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Pulmonary embolism treatment

§Goals are to prevent a potentially fatal episode and maintain cardiopulmonary integrity and adequate ventilation and perfusion.

§O2 therapy and anticoagulant administration are administered to meet these goals.

§Thrombolytic drugs may be administered to dissolve a clot, especially when low blood pressure or cardiac arrest occurs.

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Mr. P presents to the emergency department with a chief complaint of spitting up blood with sputum. This condition is charted as

hemoptysis

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The pulmonologist prescribes thrombolytic drug therapy to treat Ms. C’s pulmonary embolism. The doctor explains that these drugs will

dissolve

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Arrythmia

irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat; also called dysrhythmia

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Bruit

soft blowing sound heard on auscultation caused by turbulent blood flow

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Heart block

interference with normal transmission of electrical impulses through the conducting system of the heart

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Heart failure

inability of the heart to circulate blood to meet the body’s metabolic needs effectively

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hypertension

5consistently elevated blood pressure that is higher than 140/90 mm Hg causing damage to the blood vessels and ultimately the heart

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ischemia

inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to a body part as a result of an interruption of blood flow

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cardiac catheterization

catheter is guided into the heart via a vein or artery

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cardiac enzymes

Test to measure levels of enzymes released into the blood during a myocardial infarction (MI)

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Holter monitor

§Records ECG readings,
usually for 24 hours, on portable tape recorder
to document arrhythmias and link them to activities or to symptoms, such as chest pain.

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Stress test

§Exercise tolerance test to determine the heart’s response to physical exertion (stress).

§ECG is recorded under controlled exercise stress conditions using a treadmill.

§Nuclear stress test uses a radioisotope to evaluate coronary blood flow.

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Doppler ultrasonography (US)

§US used to assess blood flow through blood vessels and the heart.

§Handheld US transducer emits sound waves as it is placed on the carotid artery to produce images of blood flow.

§Carotid Doppler creates detailed images of the inside of the carotid arteries in the neck to check blood flow caused by plaque or blood clots.

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Troponin I

§Blood test that measures levels of proteins released into the blood when myocardial cells die (damaged heart muscle).

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EKG, ECG

Recording of electrical activity of the heart

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Record of electrical (activity) of the heart

electrocardiogram

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Tumor fatty plaque

atheroma

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Process of recording a vein

venography, phlebography

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separation or destruction of a blood clot

thrombolysis

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process of recording (radiography) the aorta

aortography

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abnormal condition of arterial (walls)
hardening

arteriosclerosis

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process of recording (radiography) vessels
(after injection of a contrast dye):

angiography

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automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

§Device implanted in a patient who is at high risk for developing a serious arrhythmia.

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Angioplasty

§Any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels.

–Restores blood flow, usually using balloon dilation.

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Coronary Artery bypass graft (CABG)

§Vein taken from leg or other part of the body is grafted onto the heart to circumvent an obstruction in a coronary artery.

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Valvuloplasty

§Surgical repair or replacement of a valve.

§If a balloon is used to open a defective
valve, it is called balloon valvuloplasty.

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Beta Blockers

§Decrease heart rate and dilate arteries by blocking beta receptors.

§Treat angina pectoris and hypertension.

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Nitrates

§Treat angina pectoris (chest pain).

§Dilate veins, which decreases the amount of work the heart must do.

§Dilate arteries to decrease blood pressure.

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Statins

§Lower cholesterol levels in the blood.

§Reduce cholesterol production in the liver.

–Block the enzyme that produces cholesterol.

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Thrombolytics

§Lyse (break apart) blood clots.

§Used in acute management of myocardial infarction (MI).

§Used to treat ischemic stroke.