1/86
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
What is included in the cardiovascular system?
Heart, blood vessels, arteries, capillaries, and veins
Endocardium
Innermost layer that lines the heart and heart valves
Myocardium
Muscular layer
Pericardium
-Outermost layer
-Membrane that surrounds the heart as the pericardial sac and secretes pericardial fluid
Function of cardiovascular system
-Circulates blood and delivers O2 and nutrients to cells
-Disposes of waste products
-Aids lymphatic system in circulating substances
What is the main function of the heart?
Pump blood through blood vessels to all the cells of the body.
What heart structures control blood flow to and from the heart?
Heart valves
Angi/o
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
aneurysm/o
widened blood vessel
aort/o
aorta
arteri/o
artery
arteriol/o
arteriole
ather/o
fatty plaque
atri/o
atrium
cardi/o, coron/o
heart
phleb/o, ven/o
vein
thromb/o
blood clot
varic/o
dilated vein
vas/0
vessel; vas deferens; duct
-cardia
heart condition
-gram
record, writing
-graph
instrument for recording
-megaly
enlargment
-graphy
process of recording
-oma
tumor
-stenosis
narrowing, stricture
-ectasis
dilation, expansion
rapid heart rate
tachy/cardia
suture of a widened blood vessel
aneurysm/o/rrhaphy
inflammation of an arteriole
arteriol/itis
pertaining to the atrium and ventricle
Atri/o/ventricul/ar
abnormal condition of fatty plaque heardening
ather/o/scler/osis
destruction of loosening of a thrombus
thromb/o/lysis
tumor of fatty plaque
ather/oma
narrowing or stricture of an artery
arteri/o/stenosis
medical specialist in the heart
cardi/o/logist
enlargement of the heart
cardi/o.megaly
process of recording electrical activity of the heart
electr/o.cardi/o/graphy
excision of an embolus
embol/ectomy
Deep Vein thrombosis (DVT) signs and symptoms
Deep Vein thrombosis (DVT) treatment
§Anticoagulants
–Prevent future thrombi formation.
§Thrombolytics
Dissolve blood clots.
Coronary Artery disease (CAD) signs and symptoms
§Angina
§Shortness of breath (SOB)
§Accumulation of plaque in arterial walls causing them to harden.
§Complete blockage of arterial wall caused by blood clot formation or ruptured plaque.
§Pieces of plaque break free, travel to the brain, and block blood vessels that supply blood to the brain.
Coronary Artery disease risk factors
–Smoking
–Hypertension, stress
–Physical inactivity
–Family history
–Diabetes
–Obesity
–High cholesterol
Coronary Artery disease treatment
§Lifestyle changes—quit smoking, low-fat diet, regular exercise, weight reduction, and stress reduction.
§Pharmacological treatment to control angina, hypertension, triglyceride levels, and blood clots.
§Surgical intervention includes percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA).
Lack of oxygen in the heart
pectoris
Mr. S complains of chest pain, nausea, and SOB. A diagnostic test to record electrical activity of his heart is ordered.
4.electrocardiogram (ECG) or electrocardiography (ECG).
PTCA abbreviation
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Aneurysm sign and symptoms
§Local dilation of an artery or chamber of the heart caused by weakening of its walls.
§May cause thrombus formation, hemorrhage from rupture, or ischemia.
§Fusiform—dilation of entire circumference of artery.
§Saccular—shaped like a sac, bulging on only one side of arterial wall.
§Dissecting—inner layer tear (dissection) causes a cavity to form that fills with blood with each heartbeat.
§Three common types: abdominal, thoracic, and peripheral artery aneurysms.
§May be asymptomatic, but if the person is slender, a pulsating middle and upper abdominal mass may be detected on routine physical examination.
§Symptoms may include mild to severe weakness, sweating, tachycardia, and hypotension.
Aneurysm treatment
§Depends on the size, location, and likelihood of rupture of the aneurysm and the general physical status of the individual.
§Most are treated surgically.
An aneurysm may cause weakness, sweating, tachycardia, and low blood pressure, also known as
hypotension
Mr. J is advised that he needs to have an
aneurysm removed. The surgical procedure
to excise an aneurysm is known as a/an
aneurysmectomy
During surgery, the physician discovers a
spindle-shaped aneurysm in the patient’s
artery. This type of aneurysm is known as
a/an
fusiform
varicose veins signs and symptoms
§Defective or incompetent valves in veins prevent blood from flowing freely toward the heart.
–Buildup of pressure in superficial veins causes varicosities.
§Could be due to inherited defect or to venous diseases.
§May occur from conditions such as pregnancy or jobs requiring prolonged standing or heavy lifting.
§Person may be asymptomatic even though the varicose vein condition is severe.
Varicose veins signs
§Swollen, tortuous, and knotted veins usually occur in the lower legs.
§As condition progresses, veins thicken and feel hard to the touch.
§Develop gradually, with a feeling of fatigue in the legs followed by a dull ache.
Varicose Veins treatment
§Compression stockings.
§Sclerotherapy—injection into varicose veins with a solution that scars and closes the veins.
§Laser—laser treatments use strong bursts of light into the vein to close off varicose veins to make the vein slowly fade and disappear.
Pulmonary embolism sign and symptoms
§Blood clot (embolism) lodges in and occludes an artery in the pulmonary vasculature (as shown in the illustration).
§Depend on size and location of embolus.
§Symptoms do not appear until the embolism has lodged in an artery and interrupts blood flow.
§Patient with small uncomplicated embolism experiences a cough, chest pain, and a low-grade fever.
§Patient with a more extensive infarction experiences dyspnea, tachypnea (with respiratory rate of at least 20 breaths/min), chest pain, and occasionally hemoptysis.
§Massive embolism leads to onset of cyanosis, shock, and death.
Pulmonary embolism treatment
§Goals are to prevent a potentially fatal episode and maintain cardiopulmonary integrity and adequate ventilation and perfusion.
§O2 therapy and anticoagulant administration are administered to meet these goals.
§Thrombolytic drugs may be administered to dissolve a clot, especially when low blood pressure or cardiac arrest occurs.
Mr. P presents to the emergency department with a chief complaint of spitting up blood with sputum. This condition is charted as
hemoptysis
The pulmonologist prescribes thrombolytic drug therapy to treat Ms. C’s pulmonary embolism. The doctor explains that these drugs will
dissolve
Arrythmia
irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat; also called dysrhythmia
Bruit
soft blowing sound heard on auscultation caused by turbulent blood flow
Heart block
interference with normal transmission of electrical impulses through the conducting system of the heart
Heart failure
inability of the heart to circulate blood to meet the body’s metabolic needs effectively
hypertension
5consistently elevated blood pressure that is higher than 140/90 mm Hg causing damage to the blood vessels and ultimately the heart
ischemia
inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to a body part as a result of an interruption of blood flow
cardiac catheterization
catheter is guided into the heart via a vein or artery
cardiac enzymes
Test to measure levels of enzymes released into the blood during a myocardial infarction (MI)
Holter monitor
§Records ECG readings,
usually for 24 hours, on portable tape recorder
to document arrhythmias and link them to activities or to symptoms, such as chest pain.
Stress test
§Exercise tolerance test to determine the heart’s response to physical exertion (stress).
§ECG is recorded under controlled exercise stress conditions using a treadmill.
§Nuclear stress test uses a radioisotope to evaluate coronary blood flow.
Doppler ultrasonography (US)
§US used to assess blood flow through blood vessels and the heart.
§Handheld US transducer emits sound waves as it is placed on the carotid artery to produce images of blood flow.
§Carotid Doppler creates detailed images of the inside of the carotid arteries in the neck to check blood flow caused by plaque or blood clots.
Troponin I
§Blood test that measures levels of proteins released into the blood when myocardial cells die (damaged heart muscle).
EKG, ECG
Recording of electrical activity of the heart
Record of electrical (activity) of the heart
electrocardiogram
Tumor fatty plaque
atheroma
Process of recording a vein
venography, phlebography
separation or destruction of a blood clot
thrombolysis
process of recording (radiography) the aorta
aortography
abnormal condition of arterial (walls)
hardening
arteriosclerosis
process of recording (radiography) vessels
(after injection of a contrast dye):
angiography
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
§Device implanted in a patient who is at high risk for developing a serious arrhythmia.
Angioplasty
§Any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels.
–Restores blood flow, usually using balloon dilation.
Coronary Artery bypass graft (CABG)
§Vein taken from leg or other part of the body is grafted onto the heart to circumvent an obstruction in a coronary artery.
Valvuloplasty
§Surgical repair or replacement of a valve.
§If a balloon is used to open a defective
valve, it is called balloon valvuloplasty.
Beta Blockers
§Decrease heart rate and dilate arteries by blocking beta receptors.
§Treat angina pectoris and hypertension.
Nitrates
§Treat angina pectoris (chest pain).
§Dilate veins, which decreases the amount of work the heart must do.
§Dilate arteries to decrease blood pressure.
Statins
§Lower cholesterol levels in the blood.
§Reduce cholesterol production in the liver.
–Block the enzyme that produces cholesterol.
Thrombolytics
§Lyse (break apart) blood clots.
§Used in acute management of myocardial infarction (MI).
§Used to treat ischemic stroke.