BIOL 1020 SS PART OF FINAL

Coevolution

The interactions between 2 organisms that drive their evolution.

• E.g. flower/pollinator characteristics and prey/predator features

  • Warning coloration

Sexual selection (evolution and behavioral angle)

Specific traits that are looked for in a mate

• use of visual communication (preference for certain phenotypes)

conservation corridors (landscape conservation)

The idea that we need subpopulations to be connected to each other (for migration and connection) so that different species are not created

• Overall to maintain genetic variability in a population (so that evolution can occur and populations are healthy)

Evidences for evolution 

• Fossils and sedimentary rock 

  • (lower=older; higher=recent and complex)

• Comparative anatomy (4 limbs=homologous structures; different structures but similar functions=analogous)

  • E.g. wings of insects compared to birds

•  Biochemical information (DNA, RNA, pattern, order of nucleotides, similar information=more related (evolutionary wise)

Prokaryotic organisms…

lack membrane bound organelles/MBO (no nucleus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria)

Which organisms are prokaryotic 

Bacteria and Archaea (Peanut Butter And)

Eukaryotic

Have membrane bound organelles

Which organisms are eukaryotic 

Everything else! So protists, fungi, plants and animals

Which ones are unicellular

Bacteria, archaea, and protists

Which are multicellular

Fungi, Plants, and animals

Which ones are only autotrophs

Plants and animals

Which ones are only heterotrophs (producers)

Bacteria, archaea, fungi, animals

bacteria

• Prokaryotic=no MBO

• Heterotrophic absorbers

• might be decomposers, pathogens, or nitrogen fixers that live in plant roots (mutualism/nitrogen cycle)

• asexual reproduction

• cyanobacteria

cyanobacteria

photosynthetic but lack chloroplasts; might partner with a fungus = lichen (mutualism)

protists

• eukaryotic 

• unicellular

• algae = photosynthetic protists & have chloroplasts

• algae might partner with a fungus = lichen

• algae are critical producers in food chains/webs (bottom)

• heterotrophs some are pathogens (ie. the one that causes malaria); water molds = decomposers

• heterotrophic and mobile = likely consumers; amoeba move with pseudopods, paramecium with cilia, zooflagellates (like paranema) with flagella (zoo = animal reference so heterotrophic)

fungi

• Eukaryotic

• multicellular

• heterotrophic absorbers

• many do decomposition (common 50); some are pathogens

• all do asexual reproduction, some do sexual

• lichens (mutualism) = fungus (supplies protection) and algae (supply glucose) or fungus and cyanobacteria (supply glucose)

• mycorrhizae

mycorrhizae (common 50)

mutualism; plant roots (supply glucose) and fungi (supply more surface area)

plants

• Eukaryotic

• Multicellular

• autotrophic, chloroplasts, producers

• sexual repro and some asexual

• vascular tissue in all but moss

• sporophytes=spores (not visible)

• gametophytes=gametes (visible)

• alternation of generations (AOG), moss, ferns, gymnosperms (conifers), angiosperms (like tulips and apple trees), flowers

alternation of generations (AOG)

sporophyte form = diploid & forms spores, gametophyte form = haploid & forms gametes

moss

gametophyte dominant, non-vascular, flagellated sperm, move via spores

ferns

sporophyte dominant, vascular, flagellated sperm, move via spores

gymnosperms (conifers)

sporophyte dominant, vascular, wind-blown pollen (wings on the pollen grains) to move the sperm, embryos in seeds for movement

angiosperms (like tulips and apple trees)

sporophyte dominant, vascular, noticeable

flowers

pollinators to move pollen, fruits with seeds inside with embryos in seeds for movement seeds are similar to shelled eggs of reptiles and birds importance/function of pollen, seeds, flowers, fruits

animals

• Eukaryotic

• Multicellular

• heterotrophs (consumers)

• sexual repro and some asexual

radial symmetry

many planes of symmetry

bilateral symmetry

one plane of symmetry

gastrovascular cavity (GVC)

digestion and transportation of nutrients to cells

• not really efficient

• no body cavity

tube within a tube

• for digestion

• mouth -tube→ anus

• pseudocoelom (partially lined body cavity) OR coelom (fully lined)

cephalization

signs of intelligence/respond to environment/stimuli

• brain, eyes, eyespots, antennae

sponges have NO

tissues

cnidarians (like a jellyfish) have

tissues and radial symmetry

flatworms

• free living (planarian)

• parasitic (tapeworm)

• structure supports function info

annelids

(like an earthworm) = ventral nerve cords, hydrostatic skeletons

arthropods

(like a crayfish) = ventral nerve cords, exoskeleton

echinoderms

(like a starfish) = radial symmetry, endoskeleton

chordates

(most are vertebrates) = dorsal nerve cord

• dorsal fins

vertebrates

endoskeleton, closed circulatory system

characteristics of amphibians and reptiles

low metabolism (=less ATP because not a lot of glucose and o2), cold-blooded (less energy lost as heat, ectothermic), three-chamber hearts

birds and mammals

high metabolism (more ATP), warm-blooded (ELAH, endothermic), four chamber hearts

reptiles & birds have (reproduction!)

shelled eggs for development (food inside)

birds have

air sacs in addition to lungs to get extra O2 from air (=for more ATP)

mammals have

hair/fur and mammary glands

kin selection altruism (animal behavior)

Helping organisms that you’re related to

visual communication (animal behavior)

• Seeing stuff

• Important in sexual selection

chemical communication (animal behavior)

• Pheromones (attraction and territory)

  • communication between members of a species

• Fuzzy antennae in moss

dominance hierarchies (animal behavior)

for saving energy (level depends on food)

Imprinting (animal behavior)

• Konrad Lorenz

• Imprinting on someone during their early years and see them as a parental figure

population

one specific species in a given area

community

all populations (multiple species) interacting in a location

ecosystem

study of an organism’s interactions (populations) with each other and the physical environment

logistic growth

• S shape

• all experience except for humans and invasive species when they start off

exponential growth

• j shape

• always short-term; uncommon

lag phase of growth

risk of overexploitation sends a population into lag = harder for # of species to recover and leaves less genetic diversity

• endangered species

carrying capacity (common 50)

The # of individuals of a specific species that can be supported by the environment for a long term

predator/prey strategies

camouflage or mimicry (which overall saves energy)

intra/inter-specific competition

intra: between members of one species

inter: between different species

secondary ecological succession

Occurs after forced disturbance like farming, logging, or strip mining and affects existing organisms

abiotic and biotic components

abiotic- nonliving (sunlight, water, soil conditions, wind)

biotic- living

Producers (3) and what trophic level

1st trophic level; plants, protists/algae, and cyanobacteria

• consumer level: PRO -(eaten by)-> PC -(eaten by)-> SC -(eaten by)-> TC

decomposers

• Recycle nutrients

• Fungi, bacteria, and water molds

• detritus feeders importance

nitrogen cycle

N fixing bacteria that supply forms of N plants need

carbon cycle

photosynthesis, greenhouse gases trapping heat, increasing temps, water pH decreasing (more acidic)

local invasive species

kudzu, privet, mimosa trees, Bradford pears, emerald ash borer, zebra mussels

biggest cause of decreased biodiversity

habitat loss associated with human activities

landscape conservation

connecting habitats, enabling migration, over/underpasses all support genetic diversity of populations

keystone species

have a key role on their environment

neurons

nerve cells

sensory neurons

associated with homeostasis

• thermoreceptors for temp

• mechano/baroreceptors for BP

• chemoreceptors for O2 and pH

myelin

to make impulses travel down a neuron faster

neurotransmitters

chemicals that neurons use for “language,” released into synapses

sympathetic response

fight or flight; liver associations

parasympathetic response

rest & digest

endocrine system

glands/organs that make hormones that travel to other organs/cells via blood’s plasma

hormones that affect BP

• TSH: increase cell metabolism

• ADH: to keep water and increase pressure

hormones that affect O2

• increases from epinephrine

• decreases from EPO from production of rbc

hormones that affect glucose

• comes down from insulin

• stored by liver/glucagon

hormones that affect calcium

PTH

hypothyroidism

decreases cell metabolism, tiredness and fatigue because of low metabolism (less ATP, less ELAH, COLD)

hyperthyroidism

over activity (more oxygen and energy)

negative feedback is when

hormones are not being made/stopped

diabetes mellitus

• type I = genetic

• type II – related to diet, sedentary lifestyle, weight; related to insulin and blood glucose

cardiovascular system

transport function – glucose, O2 (moved by the rbcs), CO2, waste, ions, heat, antibodies, hormones (moved by plasma)

Arteries

really thick walls, transport high pressure blood away from the heart

Veins

thin walls, transport low pressure blood back to the heart

Capillaries

really thin walls, exchanges gases and nutrients with cells

4 chamber heart chambers 

• atria (collect blood returning to heart) 

• ventricles (contract blood away from heart)- has thickest muscle layer

blood clotting needs

calcium and vitamin K

respiratory system

• functions (warm & filter air)

• gas exchange (O2 in, CO2 out)

diffusion occurs

(from high to low; no energy needed) from alveolus to lung capillaries and from

blood pH affected by

blood CO2 (more CO2 = more H+ forms)

alveoli in the lungs for

efficient gas exchange by increasing surface area

chemoreceptors check for

O2 and H+ (pH)

rbcs transport ? using

O2; iron (Fe)- where O2 binds

pulmonary fibrosis

air particles (sand, asbestos) causes the lungs to be less elastic (stretchy)

urinary system

excretion of nitrogenous waste

nephrons

in the kidneys; filter nitrogenous/metabolic waste from the blood and make the urine

PTH “tells” kidneys to ? (calcium)

keep calcium so it’s not lost with urine = increased blood calcium

ADH “tells” kidneys to ? (blood pressure)

keep more water so it’s not lost with urine = increased BP

kidneys make ? that ?

erythropoietin (EPO); “tells” bones to make more rbcs = slow increase of blood O2