UIL- BOOK

When did John Adams leave the White House on Inauguration Day, March 4, 1801?

He left three hours before sunrise to catch the 4 AM stagecoach for Baltimore on his return home to Massachusetts

What tradition did Thomas Jefferson break on Inauguration Day established by his Federalist predecessors Washington and Adams?

He walked on foot from his boardinghouse to the Capitol for his inauguration, did not ride in a coach with liveried attendants, and he wore a plain suit and had neither powdered hair nor carried a sword.

In his inaugural address in the Senate chambers, Jefferson advocated for a middle ground centrality including what policies?

- Freedom of religion and the press at home

- Full payment of the national debt

- Equal justice with impartial juries

Years afterwards, who characterized the Election of 1800 as "a revolution in the principles of our government."?

Thomas Jefferson

After burning too many bridges with the Democratic-Republicans by his prolonged House election for President, what did Aaron Burr do after the election?

He began making entreaties to the Federalist Party in New York and tried to run for governor and Alexander Hamilton foiled his efforts yet again. It led to their fateful duel on July 11, 1804.

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney would run again as the Federalist candidate for President against Thomas Jefferson in 1804. What two small states was he able to win?

Delaware and Connecticut and two districts in Maryland.

How did the 12th Amendment by 1804 enshrine partisan politics in the U.S. Constitution?

It required electors to vote separately for President and Vice-President rather than the best two candidates regardless of party affiliation.

Why did John Adams and Thomas Jefferson reconcile their heated relationship and became friends again after the Election of 1812.

Adams's son John Quincy had joined the Democratic-Republicans and became ambassador to Russia in the Madison administration.

As the Electoral College gradually took shape in the voting season of November 1800, what party was going to receive the majority of the vote?

Democratic-Republicans

Although unofficial until counted, were votes kept secret and were electors allowed to tell people how they voted?

Votes were not kept secret and electors openly discussed their vote and newspapers reported it.

With a victory at hand, what was the biggest oversight that the Jefferson campaign made?

No one set down and guaranteed they would drop their vote for Aaron Burr so as to avoid the tie that no plauged the national political scene.

What is the Constitutional protocol if there is a tie between two candidates for President, each with votes from more than half of the electors?

The House of Representatives chooses betweeen the two top finishers, BUT, rather than particiapte as individuals, members from each state voted as a unit, with each state having one vote.

The state's vote would go to whichever candidate a majority of congressmen from that state supported. If they split evenly, the state would abstain.

What was Thomas Jefferson and other leading Democratic-Republicans fear that lame-duck Congressional Federalists could deadlock the vote between Jefferson and Burr?

With no president or vice-president chosen, Congress could then select their own official to act as chief executive.

Even though Jefferson was clearly the more popular figure, why was the contest with Burr in the House of Representatives still a toss-up?

Burr could conspire with the Federalists and a handful of Democratic-Republicans to win the election. D-Rs only held a slender advantage in several of the congressional delegations.

Even a single Republican defection could turn 5 states' vote against Jefferson.

In contemplating there limited options, why was Aaron Burr argued as the best choice for Federalists to support?

If the Federalist Party marshaled their support in favor of Burr, he would be dependent on the Federalists Party to run his administration and agenda through.

Beyond thinking Burr would be a mor pragmatic leader than Jefferson, what economic interests made Federalists seriously voting for Burr?

As a New York commercial lawyer, Federalists assumed that Burr would support business interests more than Jefferson as a Virginia agrarian.

What personal tragedy befell President John Adams on December 3, 1800, the same day it was announced that Electoral College was majority Democratic-Republican?

Adams's 30-year-old sun, Charles, died from effects of alcoholism. Only a year earlier had Charles abandoned his family, turned to drink, and become bankrupt.

What compromise from the Constitutional Convention showed its potent power in the Election of 1800?

The 3/5th Compromise that awarded seats in the House of Representatives and Electoral College by counting slave and free peoples.
If only free citizens counted in allocation, Adams would have won re-election by 2 votes.

After losing re-election, what final chance of a political impact presented itself?

Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth resigned office unexpectedly. Adams offered the post to John Jay but declined for health reasons. Secretary of State John Marshall accepted instead.

In late December, what Founding Father launched an extraordinary letter-writing campaign to alert Federalists in Congress to the danger that an Aaron Burr presidency would create?

Alexander Hamilton who portrayed Burr as a cunning, diabolical intriguer willing to say or do anything to gain political power and private wealth.

In several private letters, what Roman historical figure did Alexander Hamilton compare Aaron Burr too and that Burr would start a foreign war to consolidate power?

Catiline

Which congressman had the greatest influence and power on who won between Jefferson and Burr because he was the sole Congressman from his small state?

33-year-old James Bayard from Delaware.

What conditions did Federalists urge to hold against Jefferson in exchange for their support for the presidency?

- Not repudiate the national debt

- Not ally the country with France

- Not disband the Navy

- Do not dismiss Federalists from government jobs

Irregardless of how the election resulted in the House of Representatives, what major ploy did the lameduck Federalists Congress employ to maintain power in someway after the Democratic-Republicans took over in March 1801?

The Judiciary Act of 1801, which expanded federal-court jurisdiction and created an intermediate level of independent appellate courts. It also increased the number of federal judicial districts.

In order to fill all the new judgeships created from the Judiciary Act of 1801, what did Democratic-Republicans derisevely refer to these new judges as?

"Midnight judges"

Along with the Judiciary Act of 1801, the Federalist Congress tried and failed to pass bills that would have funded and built a unified road system to unify the nation and a proposed 150-feet-tall pyramid in Washington, D.C. to entomb whose remains?

George Washington

Now conducting business in Washington, D.C., why did the new location amplify the divisiveness and partisanship?

In cosmpolitan Philadelphia, there were plenty of distractions from politics. In frontier D.C., there was nothing to do BUT talk politics. And in Philadelphia, the social scene was bipartisan, now in D.C. only members of like parties socialized together.

Conrad and McMunn's Apartments, a boardinghouse, served as the command post and hangout spot for what political party in Washington, D.C.?

Democratic-Republicans. Thomas Jefferson occupied its only private suite

As all this debate over Jefferson and Burr and the final months of Congress's session was conducted, how did the Capitol building look?

There was no roof yet over the House of Representative's official chamber, so members had to convene in either smaller rooms or a nearby temporary structure called "the Oven."

What did Democratic-Republican leaders such as Albert Gallatin, Thomas McKean, and James Monroe suggest would happen if the Federalist congress appointed and interim executive if they never came to a decision regarding Jefferson vs. Burr?

Any man thus appointed would "instantaneously be put to death" - Albert Gallatin
Govs. McKean and Monroe threatened to send their state militias to suppres a Federalist coup and D-R states would join in forming a new government under a revised constitution.

In response to Democratic-Republican threats of violence, what did the House of Representatives elect to do on February 9, 1801?

They drafted new Congressional rules stating that Congress would have to vote until a president was chosen and could not conduct any other business until it was settled.

Did Aaron Burr resolve the awkward conflict within the Democratic-Republican Party by conceding to party favorite Jefferson?

No, and Federalist supporters actively campaigned for him.

What was the weather like in Washington, D.C., on February 11, 1801, the day of the election between Jefferson and Burr?

A snowstorm had covered D.C.

Ironically, who led the meeting of the House of Representatives in the Senate Chamber for the vote certifying the Electoral College?

Vice-President Thomas Jefferson, the constitutionally-mandated presiding officer of the Senate.
Jefferson: 73
Burr: 73
Adams: 65
Pinckney: 64
John Jay: 1

On the 35th and final ballot between Jefferson and Burr on February, 17, 1801, Federalist congressmen from Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island stuck with Aaron Burr; the rest abstained. Maryland and Vermont's vote shifted to Jefferson with the final tally 10 to 4.
What two states abstained from filing a vote on the final ballot?

Delware and South Carolina

In a first for American politics, what was the original "October Surprise" that befell the Adams campaign in 1800?

Alexander Hamilton publicly broke ranks with John Adams.

According the Hamilton and other High Federalists, what action by President John Adams was the final dealbreaker?

Adams pursuing peace negotiations with France and pursued a measured neutrality between France and Great Britain.

The final cause to push Alexander Hamilton to publicly attack John Adams was when he read the account of whose firing in which Adams allegedly called Hamilton an immoral intriguer and foreign bastard?

Secretary of War James McHenry

What did close advisers say to Alexander Hamilton when he showed them early drafts of a public expose against John Adams?

They cautioned him that readers would dismiss the letter as a personal vendetta becase Adams disbanded Hamilton's Additional Army.

Published on October 22, 1800, how long did Hamilton's "letter" against Adams run?

54 printed pages in pamphlet form and read like one liong rant.

What aspect of Hamilton's attack on Adams did both Federalists and Democratic-Republicans not believe and viewed as petty?

Hamilton criticized Adams actions taken during the American Revolution and downplayed his role in the Revolution.

Confusingly, what did Alexander Hamilton do at the end of his 54-page-long letter attacking John Adams?

He endorsed Adams for president

How much did Hamlton's publisher sell a copy of his anti-Adams letter for?

25 cents

How many editions of Hamilton's anti-Adams letter appeared by mid-November?

6 (five from Hamilton's publisher, one unauthorized one from the Philadelphia Aurora)

Ultimately, who won the anti-Adams letter fiasco, Hamilton or Adams?

No one. It raised questions of Adams leadership, raised doubts of Hamilton's judgment. Democratic-Republicans were ecstatic.

What final Hamilton lackey resigned from the Cabinet after the publication of Alexander Hamilton's anti-Adams letter?

Oliver Wolcott, Treasury Secretary

What famed lexicographer and dictionary publisher came to John Adams's defense against Alexander Hamilton?

Noah Webster (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)

What were the political ramifications for Hamilton personally after the publication of his anti-Adams letter?

He never regained standing within the party. Moderates resented him for betraying Adams on the eve of the election and High Federalists questioned his discretion.

How was Charles Cotesworth Pinckney caught in the middle of the Hamilton/Adams feud?

If he endorsed Hamilton's scheme to place him above Adams, it would appear like CCP was a elected because Hamilton could control him.

What was the result of Electoral College contests in Virginia for its 21 electoral votes?

All Democratic-Republican elector candidates triumphed by a 3-to-1 margin statewide earning all 21 votes for Jefferson.

What good news arrived from Europe but too late to affect the result of the election?

The Treaty of Mortefontaine (Convention of 1800) which halted all naval hostilities between the US and France

What Federalist Party leader decided to not vote in the election of 1800 after the publication of Hamilton's anti-Adams letter and was Maryland's oldest surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence?

Charles Carroll of Carrollton

How did Maryland's elector contest end before the Election fo 1800?

It was a tie, each party won 5 of the state's 10 electoral districts.

With Pennsylvania's legislature still left to determine the state's electors, who did Federalists in the state senate name as president of the body?

The brother-in-law of U.S. Senator James Ross, Democratic-Republican Governor McKean's opponent from 1799.

What was the ultimate compromise reached by Federalists and Democratic-Republicans in the Pennsylvania legislature to determine their 1800 electors?

The D-R led state assembly would choose 8 electors and the Federalist-controlled Senate would choose 7 electors.

At the final count, what state's legislature would determine the result of the Election of 1800?

South Carolina

What outside events during the campaign led many in South Carolina to stray from supporting Adams and Pinckney?

Hamilton's anti-Adams letter and Tench Coxe's release of Adams's 1792 letter criticizing the Pinckney brothers.

How many men in all were in the South Carolina legislature (House of Representatives and Senate) to elect 8 electors among 16 candidates?

151

The Democratic-Republican caucus early on said they would commit support to electors committed to support Jefferson and Burr. They even tried to challenge the credentials of 8 Federalist reps from what city?

Charleston, SC

Though all 8 electors elected by the legislature would vote for Jefferson and Burr, what compromise could have changed the outcome of the election?

If South Carolina electors had voted the Southern slate (D-R Jefferson and Federalist CCP) then those two men would have been president and vice-president, respectively. It didn't happen.

In the end, how many electoral votes did Charles Cotesworth Pinckney win in southern states after winning none in his home state of South Carolina?

9 votes, same as John Adams

Why was the summertime a naturally slow political season, even during a Presidential Election year?

Legislators went home, farmers would tend to their fields and flocks, the rich moved to their summer homes, epidemic diseases like cholera and malaria became a threat in cities. Life slowed down and only extreme partisans paid any attention to politics.

During the summer of 1800, what personal issue did Federalists raise about Thomas Jefferson to hopefully steal votes?

Federalists hoped that concerns about Jefferson's views on religion and its relationship to government would rally Christians to their side.

During the American Revolution, what did the Church of England in America rebrand as?

The Episcopal Church and lost its tax-supported, established status in most states.

With the implosion of the Church of England the rapid separation of church and state, what two denominations grew in popularity?

Baptists and Methodists

At the time of the Revolution, what did many Revolutionary Era leaders do with their religious views?

They gravitated toward various forms of Deism or Unitarianism that acknowledged God as the Creator of nature and nature's laws but denied that God intervened in natural processes through miraclds and viewed Jesus as simply a great moral teacher.

What three Christian denominations viewed the rise of secularism and deism as a threat to their power and the soul of the country?

- Presbyterians

- Episcopalians

- Congregationalists

In 1786, Virginia led the charge for separation of church and state by passing what law written by Thomas Jefferson?

Statute of Religious Freedom which provided that no one should be forced to frequent any place of religious worship, no tax support, and it abolished a religious test for public office.

Why was Jefferson's Deism an outlier amongst most Americans?

Many Americans believed at the time that in order to act right, people needed the structure of religion backed by the promise of Heaven and Hell.

In 1798, what leading evangelical minister from Connecticut attacked Jefferson's secularism and Deism in a Fourth of July address?

Timothy Dwight

According to evangelist preacher Timothy Dwight, who or what group was responsible for spreading the ideas of secularism and Deism throughout the world?

The Illuminati: "Shall our sons become the disciples of Voltaire...or our daughters the concubines of the Illuminati?"

Called the "Pope of Connecticut," what other job did Timothy Dwight have besides being a preacher?

He was president of Yale College from 1795 to 1817.

What famous Americans were Timothy Dwight related to as a preacher in the Congregationalist Church?

Dwight was the grandson of legendary evangelical theologian Jonathan Edwards and first cousin to Aaron Burr.

By the time of the Election of 1800, Jefferson stated that what was his major interpretation of the Bible that differed from most Americans?

Jefferson believed that Jesus never professed to be God.

In his book Notes on the State of Virginia what three details in did opponents highlight to prove that Thomas Jefferson was religiously unfit to be president?

- He denied the existence of the flood in the Noah and the Ark story.

- He claimed different races of people had separate origins and not one common ancestor (i.e. Adam and Eve)

- He proposed that public school students learn history rather than study the Bible.

What premiere Federalist newspaper reminded readers on a daily basis in September and October of 1800 about Jefferson's irreligous beliefs?

Gazette of the United States: "At the present solemn and momentous epoch the only question to be asked by every American, laying his hand on his heart, is, 'Shall I continue in allegiance to God - and a religious president; or impiously declare for Jefferson - and no God!!!"

How did the Democratic-Republican Party respond to the accusations that Thomas Jefferson was a threat to religion?

D-Rs campaigned amongst Baptists and Methodists and other smaller denominations by focusing on Jefferson's protection of religious liberty with Adams's defense to an established church (Congregationalism) in Masschusetts.

In addition, what Federalist offical did Democratic-Republicans criticize in the press to combat attacks on Jefferson's religious views?

Alexander Hamilton and his now public extramarital affair with Maria Reynolds

The Triumph of Infidelity by Timothy Dwight was a 1788 satirical poem in which a rich and prideful Deist boasted of being "the first of men in the ways of evil" with "two whores already in my chariot." What Federalist candidate for office in the Election of 1800 was this supposedly based on when he served as a diplomat in France?

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney

By the end of the campaign, what was the most popular rebutall that Democratic-Republican authors and editors had to attacks against Thomas Jefferson's Unitarianism/Deism?

D-Rs urged the voting public to reject this basically religious test for public office. The Aurora summed it up as a choice between "an established church, a religious test, and an order of priesthood," with the Federalists or "religious liberty, the rightrs of conscience, no priesthood, truth and Jefferson."

In defending established religion, John Adams regretted after the election that being associated with what denomination had cost him support in the election?

Presbyterians, a denomination Adams had never joined but had many Federalist members.

Politically, what was a major issue that Democratic-Republicans used against Federalists and Adams such as in Abraham Bishop's popular phamplets?

That Adams and Federalists supported monarchy as the form of government.

What two John Adams writings were mentioned as evidence of his so-called support of monarchism?

Defense of the American Constitution and Discourses on Davila.

A Democratic-Republican pamphlet published in October 1800 tied various Federalist initiatives together into a dark conspiracy tieng Hamilton's funding system, debt, taxes, corruption, the standing army, and, ultimately, a king. What Roman pseudonym did the author of the pamphlet write under?

Marcus Brutus

What former Federalist aide of Alexander Hamilton offered a 1792 letter from John Adams to himself that implied that Charles Cotesworth Pinckney should be watched for his alleged allegiances to Great Britain?

Tench Coxe. The letter was reprinted weekly from August 1800 to election day by the Philadelphia Aurora.

Though they were never outright monarchists, what three criteria did the Federalists believed qualified someone for public office?

- Family values

- Cultural traditions

- Private property

While the Democratic-Republicans accused Federalists of being elitist and monarchical, the Federalists accused the D-Rs of being what?

Violent radicals only serving their self-interest. Their followers were described as "the very refuse and filth of society."

Even though Federalists couldn't reject Jefferson's personal and intellectual gifts and virtues, Federalists feared that what would happen under a Jefferson presidency?

That his supporters ("the Republican rabble") would run wild and Jefferson would lose control.

Charles Carroll of Carrollton, who lived like a feudal lord in Maryland, stated that Jefferson should try his style of government in what small European republic completely inside the nation of Italy?

San Marino

By the eve of the Election of 1800, what four states were going to be the decisive swing states because they were the last three to alot/choose their electors?

1. Maryland

2. Pennsylvania

3. South Carolina

4. North Carolina

Some primary sources had what candidate for executive office actively trying to garner undecided Pinckney supporters to pad his own total in New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Vermont?

Aaron Burr

Of the four states still contesting their presidential electors, what state received the most national focus?

Maryland

Candidates for the Maryland legislature and presidential elector debated throughout the summer of 1800 and only really mentioned their loyalty to what two national candidates running?

John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. No one mentioned Pinckney or Burr in debate.

What political development in Maryland politics only fed the fire on fears that the Federalists were secret monarchists?

Maryland Federalists candidates wanted to amen the process of picking electors and have the legislature appoint all the electors rather than the people voting on them directly.

As the Election of 1800 was kicking off, the nation's capital was on the move from Philadelphia to the new Washington, D.C. What did Federalists and Alexander Hamilton get in exchange for moving the nation's capital to the south?

Hamilton's Assumption Plan was passed which would create a powerful Treasury Department, assumed state debts, created the First National Bank of the United States, and a tariff and excise tax.

For most of its early life, what was the only industry in the small swamp town of Washington, D.C.?

Politics

How many crates were required to move all of the Executive Branch's documents and archives from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C. in 1800?

Just 7

Because housing was so scarce in the brand new capital, what did Congressmen have to resort to while Congress was in session?

Share rooms in local boardinghouses.

While President John Adams made the ceremonial procession from Philadelphia to D.C., what did he also do while moving the federal government?

He actively campaign in Federalist Party regions of the two swing states in play: Pennsylvania and Maryland. It was the first presidential campaign trip in American history.

Why was Maryland seen by President John Adams as one of the few possibilities of gaining votes for the Election of 1800?

It reamined one of the few states where voters chose electors by district and not by state legislature or statewide voting.