organic chemistry reactions

Alkene —> alkane

H₂(g)

Ni catalyst, 150 C

Alkene —> diol

KMnO₄

acidified with dilute H₂SO₄

cold

Alkene —> alcohol

H₂O

H₃PO₄ catalyst

Alkene —> bromoalkane

HBr(g)

Alkene —> dibromoalkane

Br₂ in CCl₄

Halogenoalkane —> alcohol

Aqueous KOH

warmed

Halogenoalkane —> nitrile

KCN in ethanol

Heat under reflux

Halogenoalkane —> amine

conc. NH₃ in ethanol

heat under pressure

Halogenoalkane —> alkene

Ethanolic KOH

heat under reflux

Alcohol —> CO₂ + H₂O

oxygen in air

Alcohol —> chloroalkane

PCl₅(s)

Alcohol —> bromoalkane

KBr conc H₂SO₄

warmed

Alcohol → iodoalkane

I₂, red phosphorus

heat under reflux

Alcohol —> alkene

conc H₃PO₄

Heat 100-170 C

1 Alcohol —> Aldehyde —> carboxylic acid

2 Alcohol —> ketone

K₂Cr₂O₇ dilute H₂SO₄

Carboxylic acid —> Aldehyde —> primary alcohol

Ketone —> secondary alcohol

Lithium aluminium hydride in dry ether

Carboxylic acid —> ester

alcohol

H₂SO₄ catalyst

Carboxylic acid —> Acyl chloride

PCl_5(s)

cold

Benzene —> bromobenzene

Br₂

AlBr₃ catalyst

Benzene —> nitrobenzene

Conc HNO₃

Conc H₂SO₄

25 - 60 C

Benzene —> methylbenzene

CH₃Cl

AlCl₃ catalyst

warm

Nitrile —> amine

nitrile vapour and hydorgen gas

passed over nickle catalyst

Nitrobenzene —> phenylamine

step 1: react with tin and HCl, heat under reflux in boiling water bath

step 2: add sodium hydroxide

Nitriles —> carboxylic acid

Dilute HCl

Heat under reflux

hydrolysis