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what is the CNS comprised of
brain and spinal cord
what are the 2 main functions of the CNS
control of behaviour, regulation of the body’s physiological processes
what controls the nervous system
the brain
what is the human nervous system divided into
CNS and PNS
what part of the brain is responsible for thought and speech processing
frontal lobe
what part of the brain is responsible for processing of visual images
occipital lobe
what part of the brain is responsible for communication between the hemispheres
corpus callosum
what part of the brain is responsible for motor skills, balance and muscle coordination
cerebellum
what part of the brain is responsible for relaying nerve impulses towards the brain
thalamus
what part of the brain is responsible for regulation of internal conditions
hypothalamus
what part of the brain is responsible for regulating automatic functions (eg breathing)
brain stem
what type of neuron forms a synapse with muscles, controlling their contractions
motor neurons
which is the most common type of neuron
relay neuron
which type of neuron allows sensory and motor neurone to communicate with each other
relay neurons
what governs the brains involuntary activities
Autonomic nervous system
what does the autonomic nervous system govern
the brain’s involuntary activities
what is the autonomic nervous system divided into
sympathetic and parasympathetic branch
what is the peripheral nervous system responsible for carrying
sensory and motor information to and from the central nervous system
what part of the nervous system is responsible for carrying sensory and motor information to and from the central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
what part of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for voluntary control
somatic nervous system
what is the somatic nervous system part of
peripheral nervous system
what is the somatic nervous system responsible for
voluntary control
what is the sympathetic nervous system part of
autonomic nervous system
what responses is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for
fight or flight
what is responsible for flight or flight responses
sympathetic nervous system
which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for rest and digest responses
parasympathetic nervous system
what is the process by which a nerve impulses passes across the synaptic cleft from one neuron to another
synaptic transmission
what occurs during synaptic transmission
a nerve impulse passes across the synaptic cleft from one neuron to another
what do neurons typically consist of
cell body, dendrites, axon
what are dendrites connected to
cell body
what is the control centre of neuron
cell body
where does the impulse terminate along a neuron
axon terminal
what is the insulating layer formed around an axon called
myelin sheath
what is the purpose of a myelin sheath
quick transmission
what happens if a myelin sheath is damaged
impulses slow down
where do dendrites receive signals from
other neurons, sensory receptors
example sensory receptors
skin, eyes, ears
what cells is most of the brain made up of
glial cells, astrocytes
what do sensory neurons convert and into what
information from sensory receptors into neural impulses
what do sensory neorons carry and to where
nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain
what happens when the neural impulses carried by sensory neurons reach the spinal cord or brain
they are translated into sensations
what does sensory information terminating in the spinal cord, rather than the brain, allow to occur
reflex actions
what happens when a motor neuron is stimulated
neurotransmitter is released
what do the neurotransmitters released when a motor neuron is stimulated bind to
receptors on muscle
what does a neurotransmitter, released by a motor neuron, trigger when binding to a muscle
muscle movement
which muscle would contract when the axon of a motor neuron fires
the muscle it has formed synapses with
what does the strength of a muscle contraction depend on
rate of firing of the axons
what does an action potential need to do to be transferred to another neuron or tissue
cross the gap between the presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron
what are the sacs found at the end of the axon called
synaptic vesicles
what do synaptic vessels contain
chemical messengers that assist in the transfer of the impulse, neurotransmitters
what is the name of the process that occurs when a synaptic vesicle releases its content after an action potential reaches it
exocytosis
what is known as a network of glands throughout the body that manufactures and secretes hormones
endocrine system
what is the endocrine system made up of
a network of glands
what are the body's chemical messengers
hormones
how do hormones travel throughout the body
through the bloodstream
what is the master gland, releasing hormones from other glands
pituitary gland
what is the primary function of the pituitary gland
releasing hormones from other glands
what does the endocrine system
supports the nervous system, regulating cells activity and physiological processes
how does the nervous system transmit messages
electronically
how does the endocrine system transmit messages
chemically
which is faster, nervous system or endocrine system
nervous
which has more powerful long lasting effects, the nervous system or endocrine system
endocrine
what does each hormone effect
its target cell
why does a target cell respond to a particular hormone, what does it have?
receptors
what detects a reduced level of hormone
hypothalamus
what sends a signal to the pituitary gland after a reduced level of hormone is detected by the hypothalamus
releasing hormone
what does a releasing hormone case the pituitary gland to secrete
a stimulating hormone
what does a stimulating hormone signal to the target gland that it needs to do
secrete its hormone
what 2 parts is the pituitary gland made up of
anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary
what does the anterior pituitary release
ACTH, LH, FSH
in response to what is the anterior pituitary stimulated to produce ACTH
stress
what does ACTH do
stimulates adrenal glands to release cortisol
what does the posterior pituitary release
oxytocin
what does oxytocin stimulate
contractions in childbirth
what do adrenal glands sit on top of
kidneys
what is each adrenal gland made up of
adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla
which is essential: adrenal cortex or adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex
what does the adrenal cortex produce
cortisol
what does cortisol do
regulates cardiovascular bodily functions, anti-inflamatory functions
what does cortisol production increase in response to
stress
what will a person experience if their cortisol level is low
low blood pressure, poor immune function, inability to deal with stress
what does the adrenal medulla produce
adrenaline, noradrenaline
what do the hormones released by the adrenal medulla prepare the body for
fight or flight response
what does adrenaline do to the body
increase heart rate and blood flow, convert glycogen to glucose
how does noradrenaline increase blood pressure
constricting blood vessels
what is involved in the HPA axis
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal cortex
what is the name of the sequence of bodily activity in response to stress that involves the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal cortex
HPA axis
in response to which kind of stress does the SAM response take place
acute
what happens if the brain continues to perceive threat after the sam response takes place
after the initial surge of adrenaline subsides, the HPA axis is activated
in the HPA axis, what does the hypothalamus release into the bloodstream
CRH
in the HPA axis, after the arrival of CRH at the pituitary gland, what is the pituitary stimulated to release and where does this go
ACTH, the adrenal glands
in the HPA axis what does ACTH stimulate the adrenal cortex to release
stress related hormones including cortisol
example inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA
example excitatory neurotransmitter
adrenaline
which neurone have a myelin sheath
motor, sensory
which neuron has cell body outside of axon
sensory
what does sensory neuron form a synapse with
sensory receptor
what does motor neuron form a synapse with
muscle fibres
travelling from where to where in synaptic transmission
axon terminal to dendrite
what does a myelin sheath allow
impulse to travel faster
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