Intro to Psychology Final

In December 1879, he created the very first psychology laboratory in Germany.

Wilhelm Wundt

_________ emphasized the ways our unconscious minds and childhood experiences affect our behavior

Freudian psychology

A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups is called:

community psychology

Professor Thomas conducts research on epigenetics, which can be defines as:

how experience can influence hereditary expression

The leader of a self-help group has asked you to recommend an approach to psychology that emphasizes personal growth and people’s need for love and acceptance. Which of the following branches of psychology would you recommend for this group?

humanistic psychology

Your best friend is studying for an exam in her introductory psychology course. She is trying to understand the difference between descriptive research methods and other types of research methods. Which of the following statements might BEST clarify this issue for her?

Descriptive research methods can expand knowledge about behaviors and help generate hypotheses, but they are not good for explaining behaviors and why they occur.

The _______ method is a self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observations and analysis

scientific

One strength of the case study method is that it:

suggests directions for further study

Psychological theories:

both organize scientific observations and predict behaviors and events

Which of the following is a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion?

meta-analysis

Dr. Thomas is interested in the effects of parental divorce on adult children’s attitudes regarding marital commitment. He collects data from students who are enrolled in introductory courses at his university and asks them questions about their parent’s marital histories and their own attitudes regarding marriage. In Dr. Thomas’ study, the college students are the ______, and everyone who has experienced parental divorce is the ________.

sample; population

Dr. Zach has publicly communicated his planned research design and hypothesis, including how he plans to collect data and analyze the data. This is known as:

preregistration

The basic purpose of the correlational research method is to:

assess how well one variable predicts another

The _______ includes all those in a group being studied

population

Dr. Levitt is examining factors that may be related to the impact of parental divorce on children. She is conducting:

exploratory research

When we are generalizing from a sample, we must keep in mind all of the following EXCEPT:

unrepresentative samples are better than biased samples

The ___________ is the one measure of central tendency that is NOT affected by extremely high or low numbers

median

What is the median for the following set of numbers? 10, 8, 5, 10, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 (hint: put the numbers in order!)

9

You are a school psychologist who administers the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) to all sixth graders before they enter junior high. You notice that the intelligence scores have a smaller standard deviation than when you administer the WISC to children in your consulting practice. Why?

The community in your consulting practice is more diverse than the one in the school

To say that the difference between sample averages is statistically significant means that the difference is:

probably not due to chance variation

Rhonin is depressed. His depression may be linked to ______ levels of serotonin and ________ levels of norepinephrine

low; low

What is another term for the synaptic gap?

the synaptic cleft

Which of the following muscles are controlled by the somatic nervous system?

skeletal muscles, such as the muscles of the arm and hand

Which of the following chemical messengers is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone?

norepinephrine

Which of the following does the autonomic nervous system most directly control?

bladder contractions

The endocrine system is the body’s:

“slow” chemical communication system

A neurotransmitter is to a _______ as a neural receptor site is to a _________

key; lock

Leiko is paralyzed below the waist following an accident. Although she does not respond to erotic images, she does experience an increase in vaginal lubrication in response to genital stimulation. Leiko has most clearly suffered damage to her:

spinal cortex

The stimulus threshold of the neuron refers to the:

minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron

While shopping at the local supermarket, you notice the “reduced for quick sale” table, which has discontinued items as well as dented cans. You buy some of the discontinued items but avoid the dented cans because you know that improperly canned food can form:

botulin

Your boss has just told you some news that disturbs you, but a phone call from your spouse distracts you. After you get off the phone, you have a lingering feeling that something is not quite right, but you cannot pinpoint what it is. Likely you are reacting to the continued effect of:

stress hormones

Professor Carlington studies academic achievement among college students, which can be predicted by variations in the development of the:

hippocampus

The base of the brainstem is the:

medulla

Brain activity results in telltale electrical signals that can be detected by a(n):

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Hillary has just begun teaching a class and is trying to memorize the names of her students. Her ability to store the names in her memory will rely upon the work of her:

hippocampus

The ____________ is responsible for a person’s heart beating and for the person to be able to breathe

medulla

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in speaking?

frontal

Tyree was in a serious bike accident in which the front of his head slammed into a tree. Since the accident, he is irritable and has trouble controlling his behavior and planning future activities. Tyree likely damaged his:

prefrontal cortex

The first patient _________ was a 25-year-old man with paralysis who was able to mentally control a TV, draw shapes on a computer screen, and play video games

who implemented cognitive neural prosthetics

Micah has excellent mathematical and spatial skills. These are enabled by his:

parietal lobes

Which of the following is an example of a psychologically induced altered state of consciousness?

Deirdre has just entered a state of hypnosis with the aid of a psychologist

Janis volunteered to participate in a psychology experiment. When she arrives at the lab, a lab assistant standing on the other side of a counter greets her. The lab assistant explains the informed consent procedure and asks Janis to sign the form. As the lab assistant reaches for the form, he drops it behind the counter. He drops down behind the counter to pick up the form, but, unbeknownst to Janis, another person stands up holding the form. After Janis sings the form, she is asked if she noticed the change. She replies that she did not. This phenomenon is known as:

change blindness

Hypnosis has been associated with a reduction in:

emotional distress

At a holiday get-together, Sharron is attentively listening to Sarah when she suddenly becomes aware of someone mentioning her name on the other side of the room. This phenomenon is known as:

the cocktail party effect

Carmen, who is participating in dichotic listening study, is asked to ignore any information that is presented to her right ear. She finds out that she has no problem in being able to follow the instruction except for when she thinks she hears her name in her right ear. Carmen is experiencing:

the cocktail party phenomenon

Humans tend to process most information outside their ________ awareness

conscious

The simultaneous processing of information on separate conscious and unconscious tracks is called:

dual processing

This sleep disorder, which occurs within two to three hours of falling asleep, is characterized by high arousal and a feeling of being petrified

night terrors

On some nights, Lucy treats her sleep problem with over-the-counter sleep aids. On other nights, she drinks half a bottle of wine. Finally, she goes to her doctor about the problem. The doctor tells her that these self-medicating treatments are a quick fix but only worsen her:

insomnia

Which of the following individuals is most likely to perform better on a newly learned task?

Joshua, who practiced the task, then went to bed right after practicing and slept eight hours

According to the ________, dream content reflects a dreamer’s level of cognitive development and his or her knowledge and understanding

cognitive development model

All of the following have been linked to sleep deprivation and health EXCEPT that sleep deprivation:

can lead to limbic brain responses that can contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa

__________ is the periodic, natural loss of consciousness one experiences within a 24-hour period

Sleep

Chuck has always been a chronic snorer, much to the dismay of his wife Elaine. For the last three months, though, he has been waking up in the middle of the night and gasping for air. He is most likely suffering from:

sleep apnea

The sleep cycle repeats itself about every ______ minutes for young adults. By morning, about _______ minutes have been spent in REM sleep

90; 100

The experience of physical pain following the discontinuance of a psychoactive drug BEST illustrates:

withdrawal

The broad term that refers to a condition in which a person feels psychologically and physically compelled to take a specific drug is:

addiction

Stefanie uses marijuana frequently. This means that she is at an increased risk for all of the following EXCEPT:

antisocial behavior

Lee suffers from insomnia. It is likely that he may use _____ to try and help him sleep

both alcohol and marijuana

Ray began using marijuana during adolescence. What are the odds that he will develop an addiction?

1 in 5

Your 3-year-old niece has just started preschool, and her teachers are reporting that she is extremely emotionally reactive and impulsive. What do you think she will be like as a young adult?

Research findings suggest that she will be somewhat conflict-prone

Estimates of the heritability of personality traits are most directly associated with the research efforts of:

Behavior geneticists

Which of the following scientific fields would study the molecular structure and function of genes associated with aggressive behavior?

Molecular behavior genetics

When two people grow up in very similar environments, ________ becomes more important when looking for the source of their differences

Heredity

_________ develop from a single, fertilized egg, whereas _______ develop from separate fertilized eggs

Identical twins; fraternal twins

Jim had a high school education, whereas Jane has a college degree. It is interesting that their individual levels of education can be attributed to _____ gene variations

Over 1200

Stacey is a hard critic of evolutionary psychology. She emphasizes that gender differences in mate preferences can also be by-products of:

Cultural practices

Nate was born with six fingers on his left hand. This illustrates :

Mutation

The shared human genetic profile is called the:

Genome

Your professor suggest that the increasing problem of obesity in Western cultures might be attributable to our inherited predisposition to love the taste of sweets and fats. Although these foods were difficult for our ancestors to find, such foods helped them to survive famines. Now these foods are easily available, and Westerners are eating too much of them. What find does this theory belong to?

Evolutionary Psychology

Karen is a research assistant in the university psychology lab that studies environmental influences on brain development in mice. She finds that the mice cortices she is studying are thinner and lighter than normal. What happened?

The mice were raised in deprived environments

Parents with _____ are more likely to have ______ children who share their culture’s expectations about how males and females should act

Traditional gender views; gender-typed

According to research by Field and colleagues, infant rats that are _______ gain weight more rapidly and develop faster neurologically than those rats that are _________

Handled; not handled

Tara is 15 years old. All of her friends have similar attitudes, interests, and traits. This is likely due to:

The selection effect

In everyday interactions, men are more likely to state their opinions, and women are more likely to offer support. However, women tend to become more assertive and men more emphatic:

By age 50

A new family has moved in next door to you. Your 5-year-old daughter refuses to meet the neighbor’s 6-year-old son. She cannot imagine that he might share her interests. What is causing her to be so rigid in her stereotypes about boys and girls?

Her gender schema

Frank tends to exaggerate the impact of parents’ child-rearing practices on their children’s personality. He is most likely a(n):

Freudian psychologist

Because of cataracts, Lisa was deprived of visual experiences as a child. Last year, she has surgery that has restored her vision. However, she is having difficulty dealing with the visual world. This is probably because:

Brain cells normally devoted to vision died or were diverted to other uses

A male’s first nocturnal emission is most likely to be associated with:

Spermarche

Jake enjoys hunting, fishing, playing football, and wrestling more than other boys, while Susan enjoys wearing fancy clothes, perfumes, and shopping more than girls her age. We can say that Jake is exhibiting more _____ traits, while Susan is exhibiting more ______ traits since they are highly gender typed

Masculine; feminine

Dr. Kahn studies the relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and the psychological experience of them. This field is known as:

psychophysics

The difference between threshold is the minimum difference that enables a person to detect:

between two stimuli 50% of the time

You open your eyes in the morning and see flowers by your bedside. At that point, your eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called:

transduction

By definition, stimuli that are perceived subliminally are:

inaccessible to conscious awareness

Experiencing sudden pain is to __________ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to ____________

sensation; perception

Which of the following determines an object’s level of brightness?

relative luminance

The FBI is considering a new identification method. Instead of using old-fashioned fingerprints, it has decided to scan which part of the eye to confirm an individual’s identity?

the iris

The retina’s central focal point is the ___________, which contains only cones

fovea

Relative size, interposition, relative motion, and relative height are examples of:

monocular cues

You are building contactor surveying the progress on a home that you are constructing. From one angle, it appears as if the home is completely framed. However, when you move to the right, you see the gaps. The first angle illustrates the principle of:

closure

The phenomenon of blindsight BEST illustrates that visual information can be processed without:

conscious awareness

The eyes’ _______ have a high sensitivity to color and detail.

cones

Lee has lost his vision due to glaucoma in late adulthood. However, he experiences nonthreatening visual hallucinations. These are called:

phantom sights

The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the:

cochlea

Eric loves to go to concerts and as a result had begun to experience hearing loss earlier than expected. This may be due to:

prolonged exposure to sounds above 85 decibels

Tabitha is looking for a new roommate. She invites a person she hopes will become her roommate to meet her at her apartment. Tabitha’s mother, a real estate agent, tells her to bake cookies and make hot tea just before the prospective roommate arrives. She explains to Tabitha that the hot drink and the smell of the cookies will favorably affect this person’s judgement of her. This is an example of:

an embodied cognition

The amplitude of a sound wave determines what aspect of hearing?

loudness

The ability to see future events before they happen is known as:

precognition

What conclusion did Murray and Wheeler reach regarding the percentage of respondents who correctly predicted the death of the Lindbergh baby?

That percentage was roughly the same percentage that would have been expected by chance

Jerry suffers from hearing loss. He sometimes experiences tinnitus, which is a(n) ___________ phantom sensation

auditory