Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization

This set of flashcards covers key vocabulary terms and concepts related to the consequences of industrialization as discussed in the lecture notes.

1883 Slavery Abolition Act

Ended slavery in parts of the British Empire, creating a need for labor.

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone in 1876; known for the most valuable patent ever issued.

Alessandro Volta

An Italian scientist who invented the first electric battery.

André-Marie Ampère

A French scientist who worked on the principles of electromagnetism.

Anarchist

A person who opposes all forms of government.

Assembly Line

A manufacturing method where a product is assembled as it moves along a belt.

Assimilation

The act of becoming part of another culture.

Banana Republics

Small Central American countries dominated by foreign corporate economic power.

Berlin Conference

A meeting of European powers to establish colonial rules for Africa.

Bessemer Process

A method for producing stronger steel at a lower cost.

Black Gold

A nickname for oil.

Boer Wars

Conflicts between the British Empire and Boer states over British presence in South Africa.

Bourgeoisie

Capitalist class that, according to Marx, exploited the proletariat.

Boxer Rebellion

A violent uprising in China aimed at expelling foreigners from 1899 to 1901.

British East India Company

Monopolistic trading company that significantly expanded British influence in India.

Cartels

Corporate combinations that control entire industries.

Collective Bargaining

Negotiation of working conditions by industry unions as a group.

Compulsory Education

A requirement for children to attend school up to a certain age.

Congo Free State

A colony owned by King Leopold II, marked by extreme exploitation of workers.

Cottage Industry

Manufacturing that takes place in an individual’s home, like weaving.

The Chinese Exclusion Act

U.S. law that prohibited immigration of Chinese laborers.

Chinese Immigration Act

An 1855 law limiting Chinese immigrants from Australia.

Culture System

A system introduced by the Dutch requiring farmers to grow cash crops or work unpaid.

David Ricardo

Economist who argued that working-class poverty was inevitable due to supply and demand.

Division of Labor

The assignment of different tasks in manufacturing to improve efficiency.

The Enclosure Movement

The conversion of public land to privately owned land in England.

Economic Imperialism

When foreign business interests gain significant economic control outside their borders.

Edmund Cartwright

English inventor of the first wool combing machine.

Eli Whitney

Inventor known for interchangeable parts and the cotton gin.

Entrepreneur

A person who starts and risks a business for profit.

Ethnic Enclaves

Neighborhoods formed by groups of people from the same country.

Export Economies

Colonies focused on producing goods for export.

Factors of Production

Land, capital, and labor needed for economic production.

Factory Act of 1802

An act to improve working conditions in cotton mills.

Factory Act of 1833

Extended labor protections to children in textile mills.

Free Enterprise

An economic system with minimal government interference in business.

George Stephenson

Engineer known for perfecting steam locomotives.

Ghost Dance

A Native American ritual aiming to restore lands and drive away white settlers.

Great Famine

A period from 1845-1849 in Ireland when a potato crop failure caused mass emigration.

Henry Ford

Inventor who mass-produced cars, lowering prices and increasing availability.

Humanitarians

Individuals working to improve the conditions of others.

Imperialism

Extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Indentured Servitude

Labor system where a person works to repay a loan.

Indian Rebellion of 1857

A violent uprising in India against British rule sparked by cultural insensitivity.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Forced relocation of Native Americans to Oklahoma.

Industrial Capitalism

A system where trade and industry are privately controlled for profit.

The Industrial Revolution

Transition to new manufacturing processes beginning in the 1760s.

Interchangeable Parts

Uniform parts that can be replaced independently in a machine.

James Watt

Inventor known for significant improvements to the steam engine.

Jane Addams

Social reformer and founder of the Settlement House Movement.

Jan Matzeliger

Invented a machine that dramatically increased shoe production.

Jeremy Bentham

Philosopher and founder of utilitarianism focused on practical law.

Jethro Tull

Agricultural pioneer who invented the seed drill.

John D. Rockefeller

Founder of Standard Oil Trust; influential in the oil industry.

John Kay

Inventor of the flying shuttle, enhancing cloth production speed.

John Stuart Mill

Philosopher advocating for government intervention for worker welfare.

Joseph Pulitzer

Newspaper publisher known for sensationalized journalism.

J.P. Morgan

Financial tycoon who gained control over key industries.

Kangani System

A labor system in which entire families worked on plantations.

Knights of Labor

First major labor organization in the U.S. advocating for workers' rights.

Laissez-faire Economics

Minimal government involvement in private business operations.

Manifest Destiny

19th-century belief that American expansion across the continent was justified.

Mark Twain

Author recognized as the father of American literature.

Mary Harris Jones

Labor organizer known for her advocacy for coal workers' rights.

Mass Production

Production of large quantities of products.

Matthew Boulton

Financier of the first steam engine factory.

Mechanization

Use of automatic machinery to increase production.

Migration

Movement of people to new areas for better opportunities.

Monocultures

Lack of agricultural diversity, particularly in developing countries.

Monopoly

A market dominated by a single seller.

Monroe Doctrine

Policy opposing European colonialism in the Americas established in 1823.

Nationalism

Identification with and support for one's own nation.

Natal Indian Congress

Gandhi's organization addressing discrimination against Indians in South Africa.

Opium War

Conflict between China and Britain over opium trade policies.

Patent

A legal document granting exclusive rights to an invention.

Penal Colony

A colony established for the relocation of convicts.

Proclamation of 1763

Declaration reserving land for Native Americans from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi.

Proletariat

Working class believed by Marx to be oppressed by capitalism.

Realist

Writers who depict life accurately without idealization.

Richard Arkwright

Inventor of a water-powered machine that advanced factory production.

Robert Fulton

First to create a profitable steamboat.

Samuel Morse

Invented the telegraph and Morse code for communication.

Samuel Gompers

Founder of the American Federation of Labor focused on skilled labor unions.

Spanish-American War

1898 conflict leading to U.S. acquisition of several territories.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in social and economic struggles.

Socialism

System where the government owns production means for the benefit of the populace.

Steerage

Low-cost accommodation area on ships for traveling immigrants.

Tariffs

Taxes imposed on imported goods.

Ten Hours Act of 1847

Law enforcing a ten-hour workday for women and minors.

Thomas Newcomen

Inventor of the first practical fuel-burning engine.

Tenements

Overcrowded low-income housing with poor living conditions.

Thomas Malthus

Economist theorizing that population growth would surpass food supply.

Trail of Tears

Forced relocation route of Native Americans in the 1830s.

Treaty of Nanking

Post-Opium War treaty forcing China to open trade ports.

Urbanization

The movement of populations from rural areas to urban cities.

Utopian Socialist

Early socialists advocating for cooperative living in settlements.

White Australia Policy

Legislation limiting non-European immigration to Australia.

White Man's Burden

The idea that European nations had the obligation to civilize other peoples.

Wilbur and Orville Wright

Inventors of the first powered airplane flight.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalist journalism that distorts news to attract readers.