UF APK 3200 midterm exam

What are peer reviewed articles?

articles published in a scientific journal

comprises of abstract, intro, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion

What are the principles of presentation?

Linear storyline (proper progression of slides)

slide development (be clear and aesthetic the bigger font the better, simple font)

professionalism

Define movement

-act of changing physical location or position

-critical aspect of life

what are the two types of movement?

-genetically defined (limbs, blinking to puffs of air, dog scratches)

-learned (controlling a car, typing, tying a shoe)

Define motor control

the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

Define motor learning

understanding how movements are learned

What are the different ways we can study movement?

( 3 levels of analysis)

-individual

-group

-organizational

What is involved at the individual level when studying movement?

nature of biochemical interactions within cells during individual movements ( or organs/bodily systems)

What is involved at the group level when studying movement?

movements of animals or humans regarding analysis of speed, accuracy, patterns, and choices

What is involved at the organizational level when studying movement?

roles of movement in the environment such as certain occupations, sports, or in groups/teams.

what fields help us understand movement?

-biomechanics (mechanical and physical basis of movements)

-neurophysiology (functioning of brain/spinal cord)

-psychology

Who was Friedrich Bessel and what is he known for

-German astronomer associated with earliest investigations of motor skill

-transmit times of stars (used scope with crosshairs)

Who was Robert Woodworth and what was he known for

-American psychologist known for fundamental principles of rapid arm and hand movements (movement memory, speed accuracy trade off)

Who was Edward Thorndike and what was he known for?

-American psychologist worked with processes of learning skills and other behaviors

-Focus on differences among individuals surrounding practice

Who was Charles Sherrington and what was he known for?

-Classification of responses to stimuli in the extremities

-Creation of classical concepts of motor control

Who was Nikolai Bernstein and what was he known for?

-Russian/Soviet neurophysiologist

-Published seminal papers on motor control theory: movement coordination

Who was Erich Von Holst and what was he known for?

-German behavioral psychologist

-Published seminal papers on motor control

Who was Edwin Fleishman and what was he known for?

-Developed program to link correlational and experimental methods in the study of perceptual-motor abilities

Who was Paul Fitts and what was he known for?

-Law states that time observed to complete an aimed movement depends on a simple mathematical relation between distance to move and size of the intended target

-suggested learning involves progression through stages

Who was Esther Thelen and what was she known for?

-Infant development and research on complex movement and behavior development

Who founded the Journal of Motor Behavior?

Richard Schmidt

Define discrete skills

-recognizable beginning and end

-goal directed

(dart throwing, kicking a ball, striking a match, and shifting gears in a car)

Define serial skills

-discrete actions strung together

-comprised of individual movements tied together in time to make a skill

(playing the piano, gymnastics routine, assembly-line tasks)

Define continuous skills

-No recognizable beginning or end

-behavior continues until movement is arbitrarily stopped

(Swimming, running, driving)

Define Open skills

-Constantly changing environment=unpredictable

-performer cannot effectively plan entire movement

(returning a punt, catching a butterfly, wrestling)

Define Closed skills

-Consistent environment=predictable

-performer can effectively plan entire movement

-target is displayed for the entirety of task

(bowling, brushing teeth, writing)

What are the basic considerations for movement?

-objectivity

-reliability

-validity

Define objectivity

-Public verification (how is it measured?)

-Two observers evaluating same performance arrive at same or similar measurement (two people next to each other can verify the thing going on)

-Sensitivity of measuring device (shows with objectivity that person passed)

Define reliability

A lack of reliability can result in?

-Extent to which the experiment repeatable under similar conditions (is it reliable?)

-random technological error, intra-subject variability, changes in environment

Define validity

-Extent to which test measures what the researcher intends to measure (does it measure what we think it measures)

Define construct validity

-the extent to which the measures taken actually reflect the underlying construct of interest

(typing test)

How is describing the outcome of movements assessed? (target scoring)

-error

-time and speed

-movement magnitude

-performance on secondary tasks

What is error?

-Performance measures represent the degree to which the target was not achieved: a measure of error

What're the five types of error?

-Constant error

-Variable error

-Absolute error

-Total variability

-Absolute constant error

What is constant error? CE!!!!

What are the the problems with constant error?

-Measures the average error in responding

-Indicates the amount and direction of deviation relative to the target. (where the grouping is on a target)

-The average value can be different than any of the individual values.

-It does not consider the variability of the responses.

What is variable error?!!!!

What are the problems with variable error?

-Indicates the variability or inconsistency in a movement (how big the grouping is)

-It does not consider the accuracy of the responses.

What is Total variability?

What are the problems with total variability?

-measures overall error.

-Indicates the total amount of spread of the movement around the target.

-When CE is different from target, E will represent the combination of this error in bias plus variability about CE (E is a combination of CE and VE).

What is absolute error?

What are the problems with absolute error?

-Measures the average error in responding between movement and target.

-The mathematical properties that can explain the bias and variability of responses to the error are not straightforward.

What is absolute constant error?

What are the problems with absolute constant error?

-A transformation of CE. Measures the average error in responding.

-The sign is taken away from the average of responses; not for each individual trial.

Under time and speed what assumption can you make?

-the performer who can accomplish more in a set time, or can produce a given amount of an action in less time, = skillful

Define reaction time

-A measure of the time from arrival of a sudden, unanticipated signal to the beginning of the response to it

-(stimulus processing, decision making, movement programming)

what is the foreperiod?

-random time before stimulus

-Represents attempt to temporal anticipation; catch trials to improve experimental control of anticipation

Define movement time

-The interval from the initiation of response to completion of movement

-High external validity in practical settings

The sum of RT and MT is...?

response time

Define movement magnitude

-Magnitude of behavior the performer produces (i.e. distance discus thrown or amount of weight lifted)

Define measures of secondary tasks

-No basic methods of measurement will be sensitive to skill differences among individuals, or to differences in skill caused by an independent variable

-Used when the primary task is too easy

Define kinematics

study of motion

(location, velocity, and acceleration)

What is electromyography

a system for monitoring and recording the electrical activity in muscles

What does a goniometer measure?

range of motion

What are the occlusion methods for studying eye movement

-spatial

-temporal

What's the difference between spatial and temporal

-Spatial: masking certain relevant and irrelevant parts of a display

-Temporal: used to stop a display at critical points during an action

What is Electroencephalography?

Recording of electrical changes that occur in brain as recorded from scalp

What is Magnetoencephalography?

Measures changes in magnetic fields involving brain activities

What is positron emission tomography (PET)?

more detailed info about localization of brain structure and activity using positron-emitting isotope for clearer imaging

what is Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging?

Same thing as MRI except it uses changes in blood oxygen in the brain. (BOLD)

shows area that are most active

What is Magnetic Resonance Imaging?

high-resolution structural scan; combo with fMRI

What is Diffusion Tensor Imaging?

characterize structural integrity and microstructural characteristics of key tracts and pathways

What happens in human information processing?

-Take in visual information and transform it into motor information

-Info is transformed, uses other info stored in memory, and subject to certain limitations based on amount processed and speed of available processing

-Process of information output can result in movement like a computer displays information of its processing on a monitor or sends it as an output

What are the components of the black box model?

input --> Processing --> Output

(signals)/The human/Motor response

Define serial processing

-non-overlapping stages of final assembly and test drive ( think of the final prep of a meal)

Define parallel processing

-overlapping in time the assembly of the electronics, engine, and body stages (think of cooking a meal/preparing the ingredients)

Describe the order of events during reaction time

1)stimulus (input)

2)stimulus identification

3)response selection

4)response programming

5)movement (output)

what occurs when a stimulus is detected? (stage 1)

Occurrence of environmental stimulus resulting in neurological impulses received by the brain (i.e. light -> retina; sound-> ear)

Define stimulus clarity

-extent to which visual stimulus defined and sharp

• More clarity means less reaction time

Stimulus intensity means...?

the magnitude of a stimulus

What is modality?

Type of stimulus -Latency in responding slower for visual than auditory or tactile

-Combined modalities shorten reaction time relative to lone presentation

Describe pattern recognition

-Extract pattern or feature from stimuli presented

-Environmental changes within moments can determine the appropriate movement/action

What occurs during the response selection (stage 2) period of reaction time?

-After information regarding stimulus input has been analyzed, and a basis for knowing the situation in the environment, the participant must decide on a response (Outfielder: Try to field a batted ball before or after it bounces?)

-Increased possible response alternatives causes an increase in the choice reaction time.

What is hicks law and what does it mean?

-Choice reaction time increases by a constant amount every time another choice is added (more choices means more time to choose)

-Choice RT = a + b[Log2 (N)] -Equation doesn't hold if there's familiarity with stimulus

what are some exceptions to hicks law?

-Familiarity with responding to a particular stimulus by means of specific

-Effects of practice basis for automaticity in responding

-Highly overlearned S-R relations or biologically natural relations can facilitate response selection when alternatives are available

define stimulus-response compatibility? (by seger)

Association or degree of naturalness between stimulus and response vital on info processing (stimulus response (S-R) compatibility)

-When a right-positioned stimulus requires right-hand response and left stimulus signals left hand, the situation is S-R compatible (faster response)

-When left signal indicates right-hand response and right signal gives a lefthand response, S-R incompatible (or less compatible (slower response)

Stimulus response population stereotypes

-S-R relations may go from arbitrary to natural via practice and experience

-Different populations have own stereotypes

Stimulus response intensity (grabbing thing with two fingers vs whole hand)

- Force of response mapped to intensity of stimulus

-Subjects asked to make weak or strong isometric thumb press in response to visual stimuli of variable intensity

-Relation between stimulus and response more abstract than direct physical comparison

-Different grip actions in response to numbers of differing magnitude -When scenario was compatible, there was an advantage in RT

In the experiment used to determine RT by using a precision grip vs power grip subjects were shown a visual stimuli that was a number, and the subjects were asked to respond a certain way based on the number revealed.. what were the results

-RT was lower to initiate a precision grip in response to a lower number compared to a high number

-RT was longer to initiate a power grip to a lower number compared to a high number

-Compatibility of grips to magnitude of number is a general type of S-R compatibility effect called SNARC (Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes)

Simon effect

Response times to a stimulus are decreased when responses are in the direction of the stimulus, even though subjects are told to ignore the location of the stimulus (if something is on the left and you grab it with your left hand vs the right hand)

define what happens during response programming execution (step 3)

-Performer can organize and start an action only after identifying stimulus and selected a response

-Performer must translate abstract idea

-muscular actions to achieve desired action

-Retrieve program of action

-Prepare program for activation

-Ready relevant portions of motor system (feedforward, tuning)

-Initiating movement

what did henry and rogers do

-Studied the nature of the movement to be produced using a simple RT paradigm to evaluate motor programs stored in memory

-Subjects asked to make different movements while keeping the stimulus and number of response alternatives constant -tasks: press key, lift finger 33cm and out grab ball, lift move hit ball push button and grab another ball

What is spatial anticipation?

-Anticipate future activities by knowing kinds of stimuli could be presented and what kinds of responses will be required for each anticipated stimuli

-If a participant gets advance info about a feature of the movement, some processing normally done during RT can be done in advance, thus getting bypassed when reaction stimulus finally arrives-

(PK in soccer)

what occurs during response programming-execution?

-Performer can organize and start an action only after identifying stimulus and selected a response

(retrieve, prepare, ready relevant motor systems, initiate)

Define temporal anticipation

-predicting when an event will occur

Anticipation is essentially...

a strategy to reduce time or stages of processing in response to an unanticipated stimulus

pros and cons of anticipation

-PRO: benefit in performance, if correctly anticipated

-CON: if incorrect, can be costly to performance

Sternberg's additive factors method what falls under the degraded category?

if something is not vivid/clear resulting in decrease in stim ID

Sternberg's additive factors method what falls under the complicated category?

When the task has more than one movement or relies on accuracy

Sternberg's additive factors method what falls under both complicated and degraded

- both factors lead to increased RT

What occurs in Short term sensory store (STSS)

-Holding massive amounts of info for brief periods of time for various stimulus modes (vision, touch, auditory, kinesthesis, etc.)

-Quick acceptances sans recoding; quick loss as new information added

What occurs in short-term memory (STM)

-Storage system for information delivered either from STSS or from LTM

-Limited capacity and short duration

What is working memory?

-STM comprised limited capacity work space for various operations

-Information form STSS can be stored for processing

-Information from LTM can be retrieved for processing and integrated with STSS information

-Effortful and limited-capacity conscious processing can be performed

-Quick loss unless attended to, rehearsed, allocated limited capacity

What is long term memory?

-Practiced or rehearsed

-Transferred from short term to long term storage

-More permanent; protected from loss

-Capability for making movements practiced previously -Better or stronger LTM for movement

-No need to intervene stored information

Whats the storage duration for STSS?

less than 1s

Whats the storage duration for STM?

1-60s

Whats the storage duration for LTM?

limitless

What is attention?

a concentration or focusing of mental activity

What are the types of attention?

-Attention and Consciousness

-Attention as Effort or Arousal

-Attention as a Capacity or Resource

-Selective Attention

List the factors associated with Attention and consciousness

-Independence between conscious and unconscious influences on behavior

Automatic (unconscious) processing: preserved well in older adults //Controlled (conscious) processing: susceptible to age related decline

what are the factors associated with attention as effort or arousal

-attention demanding tasks (reading presentation articles/competing in competition)

-mental effort is expended

Indirect measure: pupil diameter (increased under pressure/ difficulty of task)

What are the factors associated with attention as a capacity or resource

-Humans posses a limitation in the capacity/resources available to handle information from the environment

Can you do two things at once?

-Activity A requires attention, then some or all of the limited capacity of attention must be allocated to it

-Activity B also requires attention, and thus will compete with A for resources

-Combined need > total amount attentional capacity available = A and B will interfere with one another's performance

What are the two types of interference?

structural

capacity

What is structural interference?

-Physical or neurological structure are the source of the decrement

(your hand can only be in one place at a time)