BMAT Flashcards

Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes

Pancreas can not produce enough insulin

Process of genetic engineering

1. Useful gene is cut from one organism's DNA using enzymes

2. This is then inserted into the vector's DNA using ligase enzymes

4 examples of genetic engineering

1. Bacteria producing human insulin

2. GM crops

3. Sheep producing drugs in their milk

4. Inserting healthy genes to replace faulty genes in inherited disorders

When must genetic engineering occur and why

Early stage of development so the organism develops to express the desired gene

3 pros of genetic engineering

1. Uses in medicine

2. Improve growth rates of crops

3. Provide more vitamins through crops

3 cons of genetic engineering

1. Effects flower and insects

2. Low success rates in animals

3. Creates a selection pressure, which can lead to more resistant pests

3 cons of selective breeding

1. Reduces gene pool

2. High chance of inbreeding

3. Increase chance of recessive inherited disorders

Stomach

1. Pummels food with muscular walls

2. Produces pepsin

3. HCL to kill bacteria and give right pH for enzymes

Pancreas

Produces digestive enzymes to the small intestine

Gall bladder

Stores bile and releases it to the small intestine

Liver

Bile is produced

Large intetsine

excess water absorbed from food

Rectum

Faeces is stored and let pout through the anus

Peristalsis

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the intestine

When blood glucose levels are too high

1. Pancreas releases insulin

2. Insulin binds to the target organ and causes glucose to move from the blood into respiring muscle cells and for excess glucose to be converted into glycogen stored in the liver

3. This reduces the blood glucose level

When blood glucose levels are too low

1. Pancreas produces glucagon

2. Binds to lover cells causing glycogen to be broken down into glucose

3. Glucose is then released back into the blood

Treatment for type 1 diabetes

1. Insulin injections

2. Diet and exercise

3. Future: genetic engineering pancreatic cells

Type 2 diabetes

Body cells no longer respond to insulin

If water content is too high

1. Receptor in the brain detects it is too high

2. Co ordination centre receives this info and coordinates a response

3. Pituitary gland releases less ADH so less water is reabsorbed into kidney tubules

If water content is too low

1. Receptor in brain detect it is too low

2. Co ordination centre receives this info and coordinates a response

3. Pituitary gland releases more ADH so more water is reabsorbed into kidney tubules

If body temp is too high

1. Temp receptors detect it is too high

2. Thermoregulatory centre receives this info and triggers effectors

3. Hairs lie flat

4. Sweat is produced by sweat glands and evaporates

5. Vasodilation, more blood flows to surface of the skin

nano

10^-9

micro

10^-6

milli

10^-3

centi

10^-2

deci

10^-1

kilo

10^3

mega

10^6

giga

10^9

Salivary glands

Produce Amylase

Homeostasis

Maintenance if content internal environment

If body temp is too low

1. Temp receptors detect it is too low

2. Thermoregulatory centre receives this and triggers effectors

3. hairs stand up to insulate

4. vasoconstriction

5. shivering

Thyroxine:

1. Where is it produced?

2. Role?

1. Thyroid gland

2. Regulating things like rate of metabolism, heart rate and temp

Adrenaline:

1. Where is it produced?

2. Role?

1. Adrenal glands

2. Prepare for fight or flight

FSH:

1. Where is it produced?

2. Role?

3. Stimulates/inhibits which other hormones?

1. Pituitary gland

2. Causes egg to mature in the follicle

3. Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

Oestrogen:

1. Where is it produced?

2. Role?

3. Stimulates/inhibits which other hormones?

1. Ovaries

2. Lining of uterus to grow

3. Stimulates LH, inhibits FSH

LH:

1. Where is it produced?

2. Role?

3. Stimulates/inhibits which other hormones?

1. Pituitary gland

2. Stimulates the release of an egg at ovulation

3. None

Progesterone:

1. Where is it produced?

2. Role?

3. Stimulates/inhibits which other hormones?

1. Ovaries by remaining follicle

2.Maintains lining of the uterus in second half of the cycle

3. Inhibits LH and FSH

How are hormones used to reduce fertility?

1. Oestrogen-- prevents the release of an egg, as it inhibits FSH and prevents eggs maturing

2. Progesterone-- stimulates growth of thick mucus which prevents sperm getting through

Water cycle

1. Evaporation-- from land and sea

2. Transpiration-- released from plants

3. Condensation-- water vapour rises and condenses into clouds

4. Precipitation-- rain or snow into land

Cathode

-ve electrode

Anode

+ve electrode

Electrolyte

ionic aqueous compound

Why is dc not ac used in electrolysis?

In ac, the current would keep changing directions and would lead to an uneven distribution of ions in the electrodes

What occurs at the cathode?

Cations receive e- so are reduced

What occurs at the anode?

Anions give away e- so are oxidised

When there is an aqueous compound, which ions are attracted to:

1. Cathode

2. Anode

1. H+ ions

2. Halide ions, and if not then OH- ions

Electroplating process

1. The cathode is the object being electroplated

2. The anode is the metal you want to coat the object in

3. The electrolyte is a solution of the metal that you want to coat it with

Hydrogen test

Burning splint gives a squeaky pop

Oxygen test

Relights a glowing splint

Carbon dioxide test

Limewater turns cloudy

Chlorine test

Damp blue litmus paper is bleached

Carbonate test

Use dilute acid, effervescence and turns limewater cloudy

Halides test

add silver nitrate:

1. Cl= white ppt

2. Br= cream ppt

3. I= yellow ppt

Sulfate test

Add barium chloride with dilute HCl, white ppt of barium sulphate forms

Silver + NaOH

White ppt

Calcium + NaOH

white ppt

Magnesium + NaOH

white ppt

Copper + NaOH

Blue ppt

Iron (II) + NaOH

Green ppt

Iron (III) + NaOH

Brown ppt

Lithium flame test

Crimson red flame

Sodium flame test

Yellow orange flame

Potassium flame test

Lilac flame

Calcium flame test

red organe flame

Copper flame test

Green precipitate

Presence of water test

Add anhydrous copper (II) sulphate, turns from white to blue

Origins of CO2 in atmosphere

Respiring organisms

Decay of dead organisms

Dissolved CO2 escaping from the sea

Combustion

Origins of CH4 in the atmosphere

Cow farming

Landfill

Anaerobic organisms

Effects of CO2 and CH4

The more long wave radiation absorbed

Global warming

How is CO formed?

incomplete combustion

Problem with CO?

Stronger affinity to Hb than O2, so prevents O2 being effectively transported around the body

SO2 produced by

fuels with impurities being burnt

Problems with SO2

Dissolves in rain to form acid rain

Problems with Nitrogen oxides

can cause breathing difficulties

Why is chlorine added to water?

kill bacteria

Why is fluorine added to water?

prevent tooth decay

How can insulators be charged?

friction

How does charging occur between two insulators?

Friction causes electrons to be transferred from one insulator to the other

Uses of static electricity

1. Paint sprayers

2. Dust precipitators

3. Defibrillators

Hazard of electrostatics

1. Sparking

How does sparking occur?

Air between two charged objects becomes ionised due to a large voltage and can start conducting charges

What is earthing?

Excess charge is removed from the object by connecting it to the ground with a wire

Fuse

stops current flowing through the circuit when it gets too high

Diode

only allows current to flow in one direction

LED

only allows current to flow in one direction, and emits light when there is a current

Thermistor

changes resistance based on temp

LDR

changes resistance based on light levels

AC vs DC

DC= only flows in one direction

AC= alternates direction

Conductors vs insulators

Conductors= allows the movement of electrons in solids

Insulators= poor conductors of electricity

Current is...

flow of charge

current=

charge/time

Voltmeters are always connected in

parallel

Ammeters are always connected in

series

resistance=

Voltage/current

V-I graph for a fixed resistor

V-I graph for a filament lamp

Why does resistance increase as temperature increases?

Waste energy causes ions to vibrate more, which opposes the flow of charge

Negative temperature coefficient thermistor

Resistance decrease as temp goes up

ideal diode

Perfect conductor in one direction and perfect insulator in the other